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Text Chapter 1,687 New Learning Zhaoxing

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    Paintings and copybooks were sorted out. These works were by Wan Yanliang, Wan Yan Yungong, Wang Tingyun, Wang Bangji, Xu Rongzhi, Du Qi, Wu Yuanzhi, Li Shan, Wang Jing, Dang Huaiying, Zhao Feng, Mi  Fu, Wu Ji, Ren Xun and others.  ¡°Perhaps some of these people are not famous in history and are unknown to ordinary people, but anyone who likes ancient calligraphy and painting should know about these heroes of the moment.  Wan Yanliang of the Jin Dynasty was good at painting bamboo, Wan Yan Yungong was good at painting deer and deer figures, Wang Tingyun was good at landscape ink painting on bamboo, Wang Bangji was good at painting figures, Xu Rongzhi was good at painting flowers and birds, and Du Qi was good at painting pommel horses.  Compared with the works of the Southern Song Academy painters at the same time, the landscape, bamboo and stone paintings by Wu Yuanzhi, Li Shan and Wang Tingyun seem to show more "literary" taste.  The calligraphers of the Jin Dynasty learned calligraphy from the Northern Song Dynasty, and Jin Zhangzong learned the thin gold calligraphy of Song Huizong, which was very successful.  Wang Jing is good at writing cursive official script, and is especially good at calligraphy. The titles of palace lists in both cities were all written by Jing.  Dang Huaiying was good at seal script and was highly regarded by scholars.  Zhao Feng was good at regular, running and cursive calligraphy, and was also good at small seal script. The formal calligraphy style was both Yan and Su. His calligraphy and painting were majestic, and he was worthy of Shi Manqing.  , Zhao".  Wu Ji learned the writing style of his father-in-law Mi Fu. Wang Tingyun was the most accomplished among those who studied Mi Fu at that time, and his calligraphy was unmatched by those in Gongzishan in the early Yuan Dynasty.  Ren Xun had many talents, and his calligraphy was the best at that time. "Zhongzhou Collection" said of him: "Painting is higher than calligraphy, calligraphy is higher than poetry, and poetry is higher than writing.".  It can be said that the calligraphy and painting here are definitely the masterpieces of calligraphy and painting from the Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties.  After sorting out these calligraphy and paintings, next came some Song-printed books, including the Quanzhen Sect Ancestor Stele, the Tao Jing Jing Sutra, the Prajna Heart Sutra and the Filial Piety Sutra. Han Peacock was surprised to find the Tao Te Ching here.  .  However, the Prajna Heart Sutra is a Buddhist scripture, and the Filial Piety Sutra is a treasure that Confucians admire. The three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism all appear here. It has to be said that the culture of the Jin Kingdom is inclusive of everything.  In fact, religion is a tool to govern human thought, and most of the Jin Dynasty religions advocated obedience and patience. This is mainly related to the northern Han people and foreign rulers.  Whether it is Buddhism or Taoism in the Jin Dynasty, they all advocate the unity of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism based on this doctrine. For example, Wan Song Xingxiu and Li Chunfu, who have high attainments in the theoretical development of Buddhism.  Wang Zhe, the founder of the Quanzhen Religion, always names the three religions whenever he establishes an association. Wanyan Xuan's "Quanzhen Religion Ancestral Stele" says: "It shows that it is bright and wonderful, quiet and harmonious, and it does not stand alone as a sect." Wang Zhe  Based on the idea of ??the unity of the three religions, people are encouraged to recite the classics of Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism, such as the "Moral Sutra", "Prajna Heart Sutra" and "The Sutra of Filial Piety".  Buddhism has been spread as early as the Jurchen period. After the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Liao Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, it was influenced by Central Plains Buddhism and the belief in Buddhism further developed.  Buddhism, such as Huayan, Zen, Jing, Esoteric Buddhism, and Precepts, has developed considerably.  Among them, Zen Buddhism is particularly popular, which can be said to be completely influenced by Buddhism in the Northern Song Dynasty. It had an important impact on the social economy, politics, culture and customs of the Jin Dynasty.  After the Jurchen people occupied the Central Plains, a large number of works also appeared, such as "Showing the Public and Cantonese", "You Fang Survey", "Ode to the Ancients", "Hundred Principles of Ode to the Ancients", "Congrong Lu" and other classics.  Later, Han Kongque discovered many medical books, Taoist scriptures, agricultural books and calendars.  These are very rare cultural treasures, and they are all rare things.  Through these Song editions, it is easy for people to understand the achievements of the Jin Kingdom in religion, culture, medicine, agricultural technology and calendar.  Religiously, both Buddhism and Taoism were very prosperous at that time. At that time, Dao Xun inherited Jing Ru and preached the Dharma in Lingyan Temple. He wrote articles such as "Discussing the Public", "Explanation of Travels", and "Ode to the Ancients".  .  In Bianliang, there was a Buddha who spread the Dharma. His disciple Yuan Xing was invited to preside over Tanzheshan Temple in Yanjing. He vigorously revived Zen and wrote three collections of quotations.  Wan Songxingxiu was a famous Zen master in the Jin Dynasty. He taught Zen in the Qingyuan line of Caodong. He was succeeded by Zen master Xueyanman of Daming Temple in Cizhou. Although he studied Zen, he always studied Huayan as his profession.  He once commented and sang Tiantong's "One Hundred Principles of Ode to the Ancients" at Congrong Temple, and wrote "Congrong Lu", a masterpiece of Zen.  He had the idea of ??integrating the three religions, and often advised Yelu Chucai, an important minister at that time, to govern the country with Confucianism and to govern the mind with Buddhism. He was highly praised by Chucai, saying that he "had the blood of Caodong, the skill of Yunmen, and prepared for Lin".  "The sharp edge of the economy" was praised by the public for a while.  From Taoism to the Jin Dynasty, three new Taoist sects appeared, including Quanzhen Sect, Daoist Sect, and Taiyi Sect.  The founder of Quanzhen Sect is Wang Zhe, who founded Quanzhen Sect in 1167 and was later succeeded by his seven disciples in turn.  In addition to inheriting traditional Chinese Taoist ideas, Quanzhen Religion also incorporates ideas such as talismans and elixirs.The contents other than ?? were rearranged and laid the foundation for today's Taoism.  The founder of Daoism was Liu Deren in the early Jin Dynasty. He began to preach in 1142. He advocated "keeping the Qi and nourishing the spirit", advocating self-reliance, thinking less and having few desires, not talking about ascension and refining, immortality, and incorporated Confucianism into his own system. In addition,  , Taoism has a system of becoming a monk. This is not only the case in Buddhism, Taoism also has this tradition.  The founder of Taiyi Sect, Xiao Baozhen, was founded in 1138.  Mainly based on Fulu Taoism, there is also the method of internal refining that protects the weak. It respects Taiyi. Taiyi sect imitates the esoteric principles of Tianshi Tao. Each generation of leader must change his surname to "Xiao". The purpose of the sect is "to save all people born in the world".  "Misery" and respect human ethics.  The Jurchens believe in shamanism, which is a primitive religion that includes nature worship, totems, animism, ancestor worship, witchcraft and other beliefs.  Shamans are the intermediaries between people and gods. Shamans participate in major ceremonies, events and festivals, or are presided over by them.  Eliminating disasters and curing diseases, providing children for others, and cursing others to cause disasters have almost all become the activities of shamans.  In addition to the religion that dominates people's thoughts, the Jin Dynasty is also not weak in the development of science and technology, especially in medicine, which produced many schools of thought with different innovative theories and debates, which had a great impact on the medicine of the Yuan Dynasty and later generations.  Northern agricultural technology has developed rapidly on the basis of relatively backwardness; in mathematics, Tianyuan Shu was developed during the Jin and Yuan Dynasties; in astronomy and calendar, the Ming Dynasty was revised to make it more accurate; in addition, there was also great development in architecture, including the construction of Marco Polo Bridge,  Jinzhongdu, Huayan Temple in Datong, Shanxi and other buildings.  Among them, medical technology has developed the fastest. Perhaps it is because from the Jingkang Revolution to the Mongolian period, due to frequent wars and tyranny, coupled with frequent natural disasters, people lived in poverty and diseases were prevalent, so medicine was very important.  Active, it is called the new learning Zhaoxing.  The suffering of the people and the turmoil of the country have stimulated the activity of medicine, which may also be a kind of sadness.  However, it is better to develop medicine than not. During the Jin Dynasty, medicine developed Liu Wansu's Fiery Theory, Zhang Congzheng's Attacking Evil Theory and Li Dongyuan's Spleen and Stomach Theory.  Due to the rich practice, many doctors have deeply studied ancient medical classics and combined their clinical experience to form their own theory to explain the theories of their predecessors, gradually forming different schools.  Liu Wansu founded the Hejian School, Zhang Yuansu founded the Yishui School, and Zhang Yuansu's disciple Li Dongyuan created his own spleen and stomach theory. These three schools, together with Zhu Zhenheng's theory of nourishing yin in the Yuan Dynasty, are collectively known as the Four Great Schools of Jin and Yuan Dynasty. They have great influence on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine.  development has an important impact.  Of course, in addition to medicine, the Jin Dynasty also made achievements in agriculture, calendaring and music. The Jin Dynasty absorbed the agricultural technology of the Northern Song Dynasty, which increased the agricultural output in the Jinshangjing area in Northeast China.  Today, archaeologists are still excavating many iron farm tools such as plowshares and gourds used in the Jin Dynasty in what is now Northeast China. At that time, sericulture and gardening techniques were also very developed, such as using "cow dung-covered sheds" to plant watermelons in colder climates.  North-east area.  At that time, the famous agricultural books in the Jin Dynasty, Xixia and other regions included "Wuben New Book", "Scholars and Farmers Must Use" and other agricultural books. These had been lost before Han Peacock entered this tomb, but now, they have been brought to light again.  .  There are no accidents in history, only necessity. For example, the Jin Kingdom was strong for a hundred or two hundred years, and it was not without reasons. For example, the "Measuring the Circle Sea Mirror" and "Yi Gu Yan Duan" that Han Peacock is holding now are mathematical works.  In ancient times, only a fully developed nation could be strong. If coupled with force, it would be enough to rule the world.  Although the Kingdom of Jin was founded by Jurchens, and although it was very barbaric, their mathematical achievements were not low. The most important progress in mathematics at that time was the development of Tianyuan Art.  Tianyuan Shu is the ancient Chinese method of establishing higher-order equations, in which "Tianyuan" is equivalent to the unknown number.  In 1248, Li Ye, a mathematician during the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, systematically introduced the use of Tianyuan technique to establish quadratic equations in his works "Measuring the Circle Sea Mirror" and "Yi Gu Yan Duan".  As mathematics develops, the calendar will definitely develop with it, and if the calendar is studied thoroughly, agriculture will naturally follow suit.  At that time, the Jin Dynasty learned from the Northern Song Dynasty and established Si Tianjian to observe astronomy. Because mathematics at that time was also very developed, Jin Dynasty scholars were enthusiastic about writing almanacs.  Jin Ting promulgated the "Da Ming Calendar" written by Yang Ji in 1137 (different from Zu Chongzhi's "Da Ming Calendar").  Then Zhao Zhiwei compiled the more accurate "Da Ming Calendar" in 1180, which was more accurate than the Song Dynasty's superior calendar "Ji Yuan Calendar".  At the same time, Yelu Lu also compiled "Yiwei Calendar" and "Revised Daming Calendar".  After sorting out the calendar, some of the following books are about music, such as "The Romance of the West Chamber" and"Liu Zhiyuan", this belongs to opera.  In terms of opera, Zhugong Diao, which was popular in the Northern Song Dynasty, became the main rap variety in the Jin Dynasty.  At that time, only Dong Jieyuan¡¯s "Romance of the West Chamber Zhugong Diao" and "Liu Zhiyuan" have been handed down to this day. Among them, the appearance of "Romance of the West Chamber Zhugong Diao" has the significance of the initial formation of Yuan opera.  Therefore, Yuan opera must have developed on the basis of the operas of the two unlucky countries of the Song and Jin Dynasties. Otherwise, simply relying on the Mongols on horseback, they could also develop extremely brilliant Yuan opera?  (~^~)
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