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Chapter 209 208. Spring is in Xitou shepherd¡¯s purse flowers

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    At the beginning of the 20th century, newspapers and magazines were still the main means of information dissemination, which also determined the speed of information dissemination.  After the incident happened, it was published in newspapers and magazines, then took a cruise to Tianjin, entered the post office, and was sent to Beijing. Then it came out of the capital and landed on Sun Yuanqi's desk.  By the time he picked it up and flipped through it, at least a month had passed since the incident happened.

    Of course, if there is a war between major European and American countries, or a government reorganization, or a mob uprising, the news will have far-reaching consequences and be worth more than the cost of a telegraph. The news can be transmitted within two or three days.  However, the awarding of science and technology awards will undoubtedly not enjoy this kind of treatment.  Therefore, it was not surprising at all to see the 8th Nobel Prize awarded on December 10, 1908 in a magazine in the middle of the twelfth lunar month in the thirty-fourth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu in the lunar calendar and in early January 1909 in the Western calendar.

    Sun Yuanqi paid great attention to the Nobel Prize. He turned to that page directly, skipping the conflicting Peace Prize, the writer who sang the wind and the moon and lamented life, and the Physiology or Medicine Prize, which was separated by a mountain.  The list of winners is as follows:

    1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry,

    ¡°Pioneering work in catalysis, chemical equilibrium, and reaction rates¡±

    Ostwald (1853-)

    Germany, University of Leipzig

    1908 Nobel Prize in Physics

    "Proving that light has wave-particle duality and other outstanding physical experimental results"

    John Martin (1848¡ª¡ª)

    United States, University of California, Berkeley

    Professor Martin finally achieved success and won the Nobel Prize?  Sun Yuanqi was immediately overjoyed. He excitedly came to the Physics Institute with the magazine. When he saw Rutherford busy in the laboratory, he said loudly: "Mr. Rutherford, did you know that Professor Martin won the Nobel Prize in Physics?"  prize?"

    Rutherford looked at Sun Yuanqi in surprise: "I thought you knew it a long time ago!"

    "Uh" Sun Yuanqi felt a little ashamed. Since going to Hubei, he has changed from a half-assed scientist to a half-assed politician. Coupled with the lack of information in Hubei, he is basically out of touch with the scientific community.  Okay, I want to review!

    Rutherford finally stopped what he was doing: "But it's really strange. If I remember correctly, Martin should be a professor of chemistry, and also the vice president of the Western Branch of the American Chemical Society. The chemist actually won the physics prize,  Isn¡¯t that weird?¡±

    "What's weird about this? I'm a graduate student in the Department of Physics, so why don't I still win the Chemistry Award?" Sun Yuanqi laughed at himself, "Since Professor Martin won the award, shall we two jointly send him a congratulatory message?"

    "That's not necessary," Rutherford waved his hand. "I met Martin before coming to China. He said that he would go to Jingshi University in the near future. For this award, he should first go to Sweden and then give lectures in various European countries.  Time, it¡¯s time to come to China. Maybe he is on his way to China now! Instead of sending him a telegram now, it would be better to congratulate him in person in a few days.¡±

    "Martin is coming to school? It couldn't be better!" Sun Yuanqi couldn't help but be happy.

    At present, he is the first Nobel laureate in the University of Economics; Professor Martin will be the second when he comes; Tesla is expected to become the third; Einstein has previously published papers on statistical mechanics and determining the size of molecules.  , Brownian motion, etc., the general theory of relativity studied by himself and Mileva is about to be completed, and the Nobel Prize is just around the corner; as for Rutherford's prize, Sun Yuanqi had already booked it.

    Within ten years, five Nobel Prizes are enough to establish the transcendent status of a world-class university!

    Thinking of this, Sun Yuanqi asked with concern: "Have your experiments achieved any results recently?"

    In memory, it seems that Rutherford won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 for his "research on the transformation of elements and radiochemistry."  However, because of his unexpected emergence, Rutherford's current status in the international scientific community is still in the 1.5-rate position: Call him a second-rate scientist, but he often publishes some eye-catching papers; call him a first-rate scientist,  But I always feel that some important results are missing.  To get him out of his tepid situation, discovering neutrons and heavy nuclear fission is undoubtedly the best opportunity.

    "There are some achievements." Rutherford was a little reserved. He found a few pieces of paper from a pile of materials on the experimental bench and handed them to Sun Yuanqi. "We used accelerated alpha particles to bombard elements with early atomic numbers such as beryllium, boron, and lithium. We found that  There is a particle that has not been seen before. Its mass is slightly larger than that of a proton, it is less stable, and its average lifespan is about 900 seconds. Because it is electrically neutral, we temporarily call it a neutron."

    Historically, the concept of neutrons was first proposed by Rutherford; now, Rutherford??!  "

    Sun Yuanqi vaguely guessed what was in the bottle, but still asked: "What is this?"

    Zhao Jinghui said to the family: "Father, mother, eldest brother, and little brother, you go back first, I will talk to my husband about something."

    When only two people were left in the room, Sun Yuanqi asked tentatively: "Is this the artemisinin extracted from Artemisia annua?"

    "It's both right and wrong." Zhao Jinghui pursed his lips and continued: "When we started researching, we found that there are at least five kinds of Artemisia annua. The most common one is Artemisia annua found in pharmacies, also known as Artemisia annua; and Artemisia annua L.  , commonly known as Artemisia annua; as well as Artemisia annua, Artemisia vulgaris, and Artemisia annua. But ordinary people call them all Artemisia annua.

    "Comparative analysis shows that none of Artemisia annua, Artemisia annua, Artemisia vulgaris, or Artemisia annua has anti-malarial effects. Only Artemisia annua has an effect on malaria. After careful purification and extraction of Artemisia annua, we finally obtained these crystals. Experiments have proved that it is effective against malaria.  The inhibition rate of protozoa reaches 100%. So it is correct to call it artemisinin, but a more appropriate name should be artemisinin."

    Malaria is an ancient disease, also known as miasma in ancient my country. It is believed to be a disease caused by exposure to poisonous gases emitted by decaying animals and plants. The main characteristic is periodic episodes of cold and heat.

    Malaria is widely distributed, from 60 degrees north latitude to 30 degrees south latitude, wherever mosquitoes are rampant.  Among all tropical diseases, malaria has the largest number of people threatened and the largest number of incidences, ranking first among the six major tropical diseases focused on research by the World Health Organization.  According to a 1978 World Health Organization report, 91 countries and regions with a population of 1.62 billion are at moderate or high risk of malaria.

    The early mortality rate of malaria is very high. It is said that nearly half of the Roman army died in the Indian rain forest because of malaria.  Traditional Chinese medicine invented Xiaobuihu Decoction for this purpose, but the efficacy can only be regarded as average.

    The pioneers in the invention of specific medicines were the indigenous people of South America. They discovered that grinding the bark of the cinchona tree (also known as the quinine tree) into powder can effectively treat malaria after taking it.  Later it spread to Europe, and through the efforts of French chemists, the active ingredient was separated from the bark, called quinine or cinchona.  This was already in 1820.  By around 1850, quinine began to be used on a large scale and played an important role.

    As the saying goes, there are advantages and disadvantages.  Although quinine can be called a specific drug, it is easy to relapse after recovery and has many side effects, including tinnitus, hard of hearing, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, etc., collectively known as cinchona reaction.

    Since then, some drugs have been invented one after another, and the initial efficacy is good, but the malaria parasite will soon develop strong drug resistance, making the drugs ineffective.  Malaria once again dominated the rainforest.  I know that the Chinese invented artemisinin, no, it should be said to be artemisinin.

    Sun Yuanqi shook the crystal in the vial and observed it carefully for a long time: "Have you finished writing the experimental report?"

    Zhao Jinghui nodded: "It has been written and I was about to ask you to revise it and then submit it to the Journal of Jingshi University for publication!"

    Sun Yuanqi pondered for a moment: "In my opinion, the publication of the paper can be delayed for a while. It is best to register the patent of artemisinin in various countries before publishing the paper."

    This is a lesson learned from the past.  I remember that when the country first opened, researchers were relatively simple. After the scientific research results were released, they were published directly in journals. Apart from caring about how to award awards, they did not care about the intellectual property rights involved in the results.  Many foreign companies suddenly had an idea and directly collected Chinese scientific magazines and selected the useful parts to register them as patents.  In the end, the foreign companies that got something for nothing made a lot of money, while the Chinese researchers who worked hard were still eating the glutinous rice.

    Regarding Sun Yuanqi¡¯s suggestions, Zhao Jinghui naturally did everything he could.  Unexpectedly, this delay caused a famous public case in the history of science.  (To be continued. If you like this work, you are welcome to come to Qidian (qidian.com) to vote for recommendations and monthly votes. Your support is my biggest motivation.) (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com
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