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From spring to summer, Sun Yuanqi¡¯s life was as ordinary as water. During the day, classes are held for students of different grades in university, middle school and primary school. In the evening, students from Chongshi Middle School would come and discuss various issues while sorting out lecture notes for class. Sometimes, just for chatting, many students regard "Mr. Sun" as their "intimate sister" and "all-knowing doctor", and discuss all issues with him, from study to life, from the past to the future. In the eyes of students, no problem can stump Mr. Sun. Mr. Sun can always see through all the fog and see the essence of things clearly.
Only when it is quiet at night can it be your own time. Sun Yuanqi would hide in his study alone, correcting homework, writing lectures and teaching materials, and sometimes answering letters from foreign scholars. The most important thing was to organize everything in his memories of the world, from physics, mathematics, chemistry, to electronics, Computers, and even all kinds of big things that can be thought of. Until late at night.
Because time flies by so fast, Sun Yuanqi feels that he has integrated into this chaotic era. The century he lived in for more than 20 years is not getting closer, but getting further and further away. Parents, girlfriends, classmates, teachers the figures that used to often linger in dreams have gradually become blurred. He was very afraid that he would forget that period of life as a dream and lose himself completely. Only through constant recollection and recording can I barely keep myself awake.
After the world solved the problem of food and clothing, Sun Yuanqi on the one hand tried to integrate into the absurd years before him; on the other hand, he stubbornly kept his spirit in the original years. In the eyes of people around him, Mr. Sun is approachable and affable, but he is also depressed and aloof. At any moment, you can see the lonely and depressed look on his face, which is very different from his young appearance.
This melancholy expression added to the students' curiosity and admiration for Mr. Sun: Why does Mr. Sun, who is successful in his youth and academically successful, look so depressed? Is it because of family reasons, or because he has seen through everything?
The ordinary life was not broken until the end of June by a pile of mails from the American Embassy.
Cruise ships traveling between the east and west coasts of the Pacific return once a month, so mail often arrives in piles. Sun Yuanqi's first two papers were of great importance, so some scholars wanted to discuss cutting-edge issues in physics with him. Sun Yuanqi was also willing to reply to their letters and always gave good answers. Two or three times, many scholars wrote to him, asked questions, praised him for his profound knowledge, and warmly invited him to write articles or even give lectures. Sun Yuanqi always declined requests in this regard.
In this batch of emails at the end of June, in addition to the sample issue and royalties sent by "Science" for the paper "The Functional Relationship between Radiation Intensity and Light Wavelength", there were also several letters and a package. After carefully examining the package, it turned out that it was sent from Canada by Rutherford.
It has been half a year since we parted ways with Rutherford in Tianjin, and there has been no contact between them. I wonder what Rutherford is busy with? I hurriedly opened the package, and there was so much inside. On top was a letter written by Rutherford. Sun Yuanqi opened the letter and read it carefully:
Dear york,
Are you okay now?
Although when we parted, I promised to write to you as soon as I arrived in Canada, the letter was not completed and sent to you until now. First of all, please forgive me for being dishonest. I hope this letter may bring you some good news to offset my sins.
My journey was smooth. The Pacific Ocean was just like the meaning contained in its name. It was calm all the way and I arrived safely at San Francisco, a beautiful city on the west coast of the United States. Thank you very much for your booklet. It is so wonderful that it made me completely forget about the travel and fatigue. On ships, trains, and carriages, thinking carefully about your fascinating arguments, you often ignore the scenery along the way. In fact, your paper is the best scenery.
After arriving in the United States, I will sit with professors and scholars from various universities to discuss issues in natural sciences when I have free time, and your paper is the core of our discussion. Although they were all dumbfounded in surprise at first - I think I must have looked that stupid when I first read the paper - this theory was like a bolt from the blue to the natural scientists who were devoted to this, but in the end, they were undoubtedly conquered , they worship your paper and become your loyal believers.
When I arrived at McGill in Canada, I immediately started preparing experiments to verify the results you envisioned in your paper. This delayed me for more than a month. The final experimental results confirmed your suspicion beyond a doubt. Yes, you are right! It can be said that in terms of simple understanding of the periodic table of elements, you have surpassed its inventor, Mr. Mendeleev.
??p; Very happy to receive your letter.
It is my honor to be able to publish that immature paper. Here, thank you for your hard work in this.
I have roughly read through the magazines and newspapers attached to your letter. I humbly accept criticisms from scholars. However, these criticisms will not change my views on things in previous papers, because that was my attempt and effort to deal with the difficulties faced by physics.
Yes, physics is now facing a major dilemma. The impact of classical physics theory in a series of experiments must be given enough attention. I believe that far-sighted scientists have realized that in the clear sky of physics, there is a large haze. This is not alarmist. Here, just in terms of thermal and photodynamic theory, there are two huge dark clouds.
The first dark cloud came with the wave theory of light, a theory studied by Fresnel and Thomas Young. It includes the question: How does the Earth move through an elastic solid like the ether, which is essentially light? There are no flaws in the Michelson-Morley experiment, either in the conception or implementation of the experiment, and the results of the experiment can be guaranteed to be reliable. So, how should we explain "ether drift"? ¡
The second dark cloud is Maxwell-Boltzmann¡¯s theory of equipartition of energy. The principle of energy equalization will not only lead to the "ultraviolet disaster" pointed out in my paper "The Functional Relationship between Radiation Intensity and Light Wavelength", but will also encounter difficulties in the problem of gas specific heat. According to the principle of energy equipartition, it can be deduced that the specific heat of an object is a quantity related to the degree of freedom of molecular motion. At normal temperature, for solids and monatomic gases, the experimental values ??and theoretical values ??are in good agreement; for diatomic and polyatomic gases, the measured values ??are significantly greater than the theoretical values. ¡
Kinetic theory asserts that heat and light are modes of motion, but the beauty and clarity of this theory are eclipsed by two dark clouds. Regarding these two dark clouds, I have published a paper and proposed a solution to the second one. For the first one, I used the same method and roughly came to a credible conclusion. I would like to discuss it in this article. You should be able to read about him by the end of this year or the beginning of next year.
But in fact, there are far more than "two dark clouds" in the sky of physics. Physics has fallen into a serious crisis, and a violent storm of changes in physics is coming. The dilemmas facing physics must and must be solved. This great and arduous task must be undertaken by the younger generation of physicists. Trials, experiments, and conjectures are all tools for progress. We must dare to make assumptions and fantasies, and not be intimidated by external criticism. Dante in the Middle Ages once said: "Go your own way and let others say it!" This should be the life motto of the new generation of physicists.
I hope you get better academic results!
your,
york
1899.6.28
Sun Yuanqi's letter originated from a long speech by Lord Kelvin, a leading figure in the British scientific community, on April 27, 1900. It was later compiled into a document and published in the joint issue of "Philosophical Magazine" and "Science Magazine" published in July 1901. , titled "Nineteenth-century dark clouds hovering over thermal and photodynamic theory." Kelvin, who has always been known for his conservatism, was confused but also optimistically predicted: "The dark clouds that obscured the bright molecular theory of heat and light during the last quarter of the 19th century can be made possible at the beginning of the 20th century. disappear."
Yes, shortly after entering the twentieth century, the theory of "wave-particle duality" of light was proposed, thus solving that annoying dark cloud. But classical physics has also encountered its most severe challenges. In the first three to forty years of the 20th century, physics achieved comprehensive breakthroughs, and branches such as relativity, quantum mechanics, and particle physics emerged successively, which brought about earth-shaking changes in human life.
Sun Yuanqi didn¡¯t pay much attention to this letter, because this letter was just a daily private communication, aiming to encourage Rutherford, who was far away in Canada, to climb to the top of physics. After receiving this letter in early August, Rutherford felt that the guidance was of great significance. After making appropriate additions and annotations, he sent it to the "Journal of Philosophy" and published it in the September issue.
So, everyone is eagerly awaiting another paper by yorkjohnson to see how he solves the "ether drift" problem that has troubled scholars for a long time. (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com