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Chapter 10 9. Carrying the piano in the wild and having a close friend

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    On December 31, 1898 AD, the 19th day of November in the 24th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the lunar calendar, the Capital University opened.  The first batch of students was originally planned to enroll 500 people. Due to the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, many people were silent, so the enrollment work did not go smoothly. According to documents recorded in the next one or two years, there were actually 27 students in the official college, 151 in middle school, and 151 in elementary school.  There are 17 students, and there are 43 students in additional courses, and there are only more than 230 students in Heshixue, middle school, primary school, and additional courses.  There are not many more students than Chongshi Middle School.  But it is the first national university in modern China and the predecessor of contemporary famous universities such as Peking University and Beijing Normal University.

    On the first day of school, Sun Yuanqi was one of the first batch of teachers in the school and had the honor to attend the ceremony along with Xu Jingcheng, the chief teacher of Chinese language, and Ding Haoliang, the chief teacher of Spanish language.  After that, the university hall did not start classes immediately. After all, the students selected from each province had not yet arrived, and the relevant preparations were still proceeding slowly.  But these are not what Sun Yuanqi cares about.  Sun Yuanqi gave Lao Tong dozens of taels of silver and asked him to prepare gifts for Rutherford and Thomas.  The remaining money is used to buy some food every day.  During this time, Sun Yuanqi had been hiding in the house writing manuscripts.

    That day, Rutherford¡¯s suggestion really moved him. He came back and weighed it for a long time, and decided to write a simple pamphlet first and give it to Rutherford to take to Canada to see if there were any results.  Because Rutherford planned to leave for McGill on January 6 in order to catch up with the start of McGill's next semester.  Therefore, Sun Yuanqi's time was a little tight, so he had to stay in the house and write manuscripts every day.

    The name of the booklet has been decided, and it is called "From Atom, Atomic Structure to Elements, Periodic Table of Elements, Molecules and the Nature of Chemical Reactions".  Although the name is related to chemistry, the core is actually atomic physics.  In fact, at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, physics and chemistry were not very separate. For example, Rutherford, a master of physics, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 for his research on radiochemistry.  Another example is that the Swedish genius Arrhenius who proposed the ionization theory also divided the Nobel Prize judges whether he should win the physics prize or the chemistry prize.  During the first Nobel Prize selection in 1901, he was nominated for the physics prize, but ultimately lost.  In 1902, after he became famous, he was nominated for the Chemistry Prize, but still lost.  As the founder of physical chemistry, Arrhenius's ionization theory played an important role in both physics and chemistry.  In desperation, the Chemistry Committee proposed to give him "half the physics prize and half the chemistry prize", and even proposed that "his award be postponed to the second year."  In the end, the committee awarded him the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

    In 1869, the Russian scientist Dmitrimendeleev discovered the periodic law of elements and the periodic table of elements. He arranged the 63 elements known at that time in the form of a table according to their atomic weight, and placed elements with similar chemical properties in a table.  The same row is the prototype of the periodic table of elements.  In the process of arranging the periodic table of elements, Mendeleev boldly pointed out that some of the generally accepted atomic weights at that time were inaccurate.  For example, the atomic weight of gold at that time was recognized as 169.2. According to this, gold should be ranked in front of osmium, iridium, and platinum in the table of elements, because their recognized atomic weights were 198.6, 196.7, and 196.7 respectively. Mendeleev firmly  It is believed that gold should be arranged behind these three elements, and the atomic weight should be re-determined.  The results of everyone's retest showed that osmium was 190.9, iridium was 193.1, platinum was 195.2, and gold was 197.2.  Practice has confirmed Mendeleev's assertion and the correctness of the periodic law.

    In the periodic table compiled by Mendeleev, there are still many blank spaces that should be filled by elements that have not yet been discovered.  Mendeleev theoretically calculated the most important properties of these yet-to-be-discovered elements, concluding that they were intermediate between those of neighboring elements.  For example, in the two spaces between zinc and arsenic, he predicted that the properties of these two unknown elements would be aluminum-like and silicon-like respectively.  Just four years after his prediction, French chemist Bouabran discovered gallium from Menzinc ore using spectroscopic analysis.  Experiments have shown that the properties of gallium are very similar to aluminum, which is the aluminum-like properties predicted by Mendeleev.  The discovery of gallium is of great significance. It fully demonstrates that the periodic law of elements is an objective law of nature; it provides a law that can be followed for future research on elements, exploration of new elements, and search for new substances and new materials.

    Mendeleev¡¯s periodic table of elements is arranged according to atomic weight, and elements with similar chemical properties are placed in the same column.  These are all arranged based on the physical properties (mass) and chemical properties (chemical properties) of the elements, and do not reveal the most essential differences between the elements.  Sun Yuanqi's paper starts from this perspective.

    The paper starts from the conclusions of Sun Yuanqi's first two papers. He believes that an atom is composed of a nucleus and an electron shell outside the nucleus. Because the electrons are negatively charged, there should be other positively charged particles in the nucleus. They are very small, but they have almost the entire atom's energy.  Mass; their structure is very stable, and the number of positive charges and mass they possess are almost unchanged; the number of positive charges carried by the nucleus determines what kind of atom it is."You have nothing to do with this!" The station attendant looked indifferent.

    At this time, Rutherford saw that Sun Yuanqi had not followed. When he turned around, he saw him talking to a station attendant, who looked impatient.  Even though I don¡¯t understand Chinese, I can roughly guess.  At that moment, he reached out and pulled Sun Yuanqi over and walked inside.

    When the station attendant saw the foreigner pulling Sun Yuanqi in, he hurriedly stretched out his hand, as if to hold Sun Yuanqi, or to stop the foreigner from pulling him in, and opened his mouth wide, "Eh-Eh".  But in the end he didn't speak, and the outstretched hand dropped.

    Sun Yuanqi thought to himself: Are the foreigners looking down on us, or are we looking down on ourselves?  But after all, Sun Yuanqi was unwilling to criticize the Chinese in front of foreigners, so he had to make up an excuse and said: "I haven't bought a ticket yet"

    "Buy tickets?" Rutherford asked doubtfully, "Conger knew you were coming to see us off, so he had already bought everyone's tickets."

    "Already bought it?"

    "Yes, you're sending us off together to Tianjin" Rutherford said.

    "Go to Tianjin" Sun Yuanqi was speechless. He touched dozens of big coins in his arms and thought to himself that he would have to wait and trouble Mr. Conger later.

    Rutherford did not notice anything unusual about Sun Yuanqi and continued: "Where did we talk just now? Ha - by the way, when it comes to the atomic nucleus, it should be composed of several types of particles, one of which is positively charged and the other is neutral.  But the mass is very large, accounting for almost the vast majority of the atomic weight. These are not written in your paper, why are they not written? Did you just think of it? Is it a kind of reasoning, or a hypothesis, or is it?  guess?"

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