Yuanqu [1] is the collective name of Yuan Zaju and Sanqu, both of which adopt the singing form of Beiqu. Therefore, Sanqu and drama are also called Yuefu.
In fact, Sanqu and Yuan Zaju belong to different literary genres.
Sanqu is poetry, the main body of literature in the Yuan Dynasty. It was vulgarized from Song Ci, and it was a song lyrics written in conjunction with the popular music in Kyoto at that time. Poetry. The system of Sanqu mainly includes Xiaoling, sets of numbers, and banduoqu in between.
Yuan Zaju is the opera of the Yuan Dynasty. It is a performance form characterized by funny and funny in the Song Dynasty. It developed into opera in the Yuan Dynasty. Each book is mainly composed of four folds, with wedges added at the beginning or between the folds, and each fold is composed of Beiqu divertimento and binbai with the same palace tone and rhyme.
Because the achievement and influence of Yuan Zaju far exceeds that of Sanqu, later generations refer to "Yuanqu" only as Yuan Zaju.
[1] "Nanlu. Four Pieces of Jade. Leisurely" Guan Hanqing. Sanqu
? Walk comfortably, sit at ease,
Drink when you are thirsty, sing when you are hungry,
When you are sleepy, lie down on Sha Yin.
The sun and the moon are long, the sky and the earth are wide,
Leisure and joy!
The old wine is poured, the new spirits are poured,
The old crock pot smiled,
A total of mountain monks and wild old men chanting and talking.
He produced a pair of chickens, and I produced a goose,
Leisure and joy!
? Italian horse closes, heart ape locks,
Jump out of the world of mortals,
Huai Yin's midday dream, who is frightened?
Leaving the field of fame and fortune, and entering the comfort zone,
Leisure and joy!
? Plowing in the south, lying on the east mountain,
There are many experiences in the world,
Leisurely thought about the past.
He is the one who is wise, and I am the one who is stupid,
What are you fighting for?
The beautiful singer finished the "village ditty" - "exploring the clear water river", and sang a "market order" - "four pieces of jade. leisurely" for everyone.
This Xiaoling is the work of Guan Hanqing, the first of the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera". to the extreme. This piece of music was a must-play piece for literati at that time in entertainment venues.
Men, enjoy listening to Xiaoqu, and drinking Xiaojiu happily.
You Gan stood up and began to toast. He raised the wine glass to Batu's eyes first and said, "Master Ba, I will toast you three alone" Jackson interrupted Yougan's toast before he finished speaking.
Jackson said: "Mr. Zhen, didn't you say tonight that you mainly invited me, why didn't you respect me first? I'm the guest of honor!"
Batu stood there, extremely embarrassed - I don't know if this glass of wine should be drunk? Let it go first!
Lao Huo quickly smoothed things over, "You are still not convinced that you are a foreigner who doesn't understand at all. Mr. Ba is on the right, and you are sitting on the left. Why are you the guest of honor? Do you understand Chinese people? Wine table culture."
"Why don't you understand?" Jackson said unconvinced, "A few days ago, Mr. Zhen told me not to take the wrong seat. The seat on the left is the guest of honor."
Old Huo said: "Isn't it the Great Yuan Dynasty now? The Yuan Dynasty respects the right."
"Anyway, what you say is what you say!" Jackson sulked.
Yes, I bought the bracelet and saved so much money. I agreed to treat him well. Why did he not treat him as a "big name" when he arrived at the wine table.
Once Qing Wan got on the table, she didn't hold the wine glass. Seeing how disappointed Jackson was, she raised the glass in front of her, touched Jackson lightly, and said, "I respect you!"
Batu raised his head and drank the wine toasted by You Gan, but his eyes lingered on Jackson. Seeing that Qing Wan wanted to drink with Jackson, he said, "If you drink with him, you have to drink with us too!"
I wanted to do it secretly, but was discovered by Batu, so Qingwan stood up and said with a smile: "Okay, I will respect you one by one later."
Old Huo said: "Three cups?"
"Three cups is three cups." Qing Wan said, "However, I want to respect Jackson for this first cup." As he spoke, he held the cup for Jackson again.
Jackson stood up, took the glass, and smiled again.
After toasting Jackson for three glasses of wine, and drinking three glasses with Batu and Lao Huo respectively, Qing Wan sat down and stopped drinking if anyone tried to persuade her to drink again.
[2] "Two Poems of Leaving the Fortress. Part One" Wang Changling. Poem
The bright moon in Qin Dynasty and the pass in Han Dynasty,
? Long Marcher??
(2) Development history
Rise
The composition of Yuan Opera includes two types of styles (Sanqu and Yuan Zaju): one is Sanqu including Xiaoling, Dai Guoqu and sets; Dramas performed on stage. "Sanqu" exists opposite to "drama". Opera is a script for performances, including libretto, speeches, actions, etc. for various characters; Sanqu is just lyrics for a cappella. In terms of form, Sanqu and Ci are very similar, but in terms of language, Ci should be elegant and subtle, while Sanqu should be popular and lively; in terms of rhythm, Ci should be strict, while Sanqu should be more free.
Sanqu is divided into two categories from the style: "Xiaoling" and "Santai".
Xiaoling, also known as Ye'er, has a short system, usually just one independent piece of music (a few include two or three pieces of music). The loose set is composed of multiple pieces, and it is required to always use one rhyme. The tune cards of Sanqu also have various names, such as "Dawling Ling", "Blowing the Earth Wind", "Happy Spring Comes", "Hillside Sheep", "Red Embroidered Shoes" and so on. These names are often very vulgar, which also shows that Sanqu is closer than words folk song. Yuan Opera, with its works revealing the depth of reality, wide range of themes, popular language, lively form, fresh style, vivid description, and changeable techniques, radiates dazzling splendor in the ancient Chinese literature and art circle.
develop
The development of Yuanqu can be divided into three periods.
Early days: From the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty to the destruction of the Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuanqu had just entered the poetry world from folk slang, and it had the distinct characteristics of popularization and colloquialism. For example, Guan Hanqing's zaju is a copy of the world, the music is perfect, the style is changeable, the small order is lively and profound, crystal clear and beautiful, the number of episodes is hot and spicy, and it is full of joy. Ma Zhiyuan's creations have broad themes, lofty artistic conception, vivid images, beautiful language, and harmonious phonology.
Mid-period: from Yuan Shizu to Yuan Dynasty to Yuan Shun Emperor to Yuan Dynasty. During this period, the creation of Yuanqu began to fully transition to cultural and professional, and Sanqu became the main genre in the poetry circle. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui (sui) Jingchen, Qiao Ji, Zhang Kejiu, etc.
?Late period: From Yuan Chengzong to Zhengzheng years to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, Sanqu writers specialized in Nongqu. They paid attention to rhythm and rhetoric, deliberately sought work in art, and advocated graceful, delicate, elegant and beautiful. Representative writers include Zhang Yanghao and Xu Zaisi.
In short, as "literature of a generation", Yuan Opera has rich and diverse themes, broad and broad creative horizons, vivid and vivid reflections of life, full and touching characters, and easy-to-understand language. It is an indispensable and precious heritage in the treasure house of ancient Chinese culture.
?Four masters of Yuan Opera: Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Zheng Guangzu, Bai Pu.
The three elements of Yuanqu: Sing (lyric), Ke (action), Bai (dialogue)
Representative works of Yuan opera: "Dou E's Injustice", "Tianjingsha. Autumn Thoughts". (Remember the site URL: www.hlnovel.com