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Text 807¡¾Became a prince teacher¡¿

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    The academic thoughts of the Datong New Dynasty were too chaotic, full of Confucian scholars' self-doubt about Confucianism.

    This phenomenon did not start from the fall of the Ming Dynasty, but appeared as early as the Wanli period.

    ? If we push forward further, we can push it back to the Zhengde and Jiajing years, and Wang Yangming is one of them.  But Wang Yangming's thought soon split into numerous factions.  At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the reputation of Xinxue was extremely bad, and it was necessary to use Cheng Zhu Neo-Confucianism to criticize Yangming Xinxue, which had been reduced to empty talk and metaphysics.

    In the final analysis, this ideological movement, which lasted for hundreds of years, was brought about by the social development of the Ming Dynasty.

    With the great development of productivity, the rise of the merchant class, the growth of the citizen class, and the prosperity of the township economy, it is difficult for traditional Confucianism to deal with new social relations.  However, the decline of politics and people's livelihood in the late Ming Dynasty, and the subsequent entry of the Manchu Qing Dynasty only exacerbated this phenomenon-it is a pity that this ideological movement was strangled to death by the Manchu Qing Dynasty in history.  The self-renewal of Confucianism was also interrupted, and it was not rekindled until the Opium War.

    ? In the new dynasty of Datong, at the beginning of the founding of the country, Confucian scholars were still reflecting.

    ?Some people are more conservative and think that it should go back to the past, pick up the Confucian classics of the Qin and Han Dynasties, and pursue the original meaning of the Confucian sages.  Such people can be collectively referred to as "retro faction".

    Some people are relatively conservative and think that it should be improved. It is inconvenient to say later because it does not belong to this time and space.

    These two sentences are very similar to Dai Zhen's famous saying, and Dai Zhen lived in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.

    Chen Que's article is more radical and comprehensive than that of Dai Zhen.  He said that with Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, everyone is now reasonable, and even foolish men and women quarrel and say that they have "reason".  The elders use reason to reprimand the younger, and the venerable use reason to reprimand the humble. Even if it is unreasonable, it becomes reasonable, and the younger and the humble fight for reason and become disobedient.

    People with high power and positions, and people with sharp tongues, seem very reasonable.  People with low status and poor eloquence seem to be unreasonable.

    Therefore, "reason" has gone astray, and Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism has become a tool to shackle thinking.

    Confucianism of the Song and Ming Dynasties, including Wang Yangming's Xinxue, all recognized the theory of qi and principle.  But Chen confirmed that in addition to Qi, Xinxing should also be added.  The theory of xinxing existed before, but it must be elevated to the same status as qi.

    Qi, reason, heart, and nature, the combination of the four is the real way of heaven.

    Even, Chen Que introduced the concept of physics.

    Qi is the material basis of the universe and the basic element of the world.

    Li is the law of all things, not only the law of nature, but also the law of society, and even all the ethics and laws in the world.

    The heart is the conscience, which is the status of human beings. They have various starting points of interests.

    Including the natural sciences that are still in decline, Chen Que also uses this method to explain.  Qi is matter, reason is law, heart is cognition, sex is motivation, and all the elements for studying natural science are available.

    After reading this article, Zhao Han thought for a while and said: "The next issue of Datong Monthly will reprint this article in its entirety. Order the Department of Public Security to send people to Hangzhou to recruit Chen Que to the Imperial Academy as a doctor. He  He is a professor at Hangzhou University, and will be transferred to Jinling University to teach in the future. Also, let him be the teacher of the prince, and he will talk about 'qi, xinxing'."

    "Follow the order!"

    Li Xiangjun was quite surprised, because Chen Que was too radical and had been regarded as a "crazy Confucian" among the people.

    This guy came from the Jishan School, but apart from the orthodox school and the revisionist school, he broke away from the self-contained school.  And his faction is currently the only one, not even a formal student (not counting students in the university).

    "Take all these newspapers." Zhao Han didn't want to read purely quarrel articles.

    Whether it is an academic dispute, or a dispute between men and women, there will definitely be no result.

    What Zhao Han needs is only the process of quarreling.

    Just let more people know about the idea of ??equal rights between men and women, and whether people accept it or not is the second.  Rule over the peoples with Muse on his knees.  "

    However, Zhao Han said: "It is chaos now, and in a few decades, we will be able to get rid of the chaff and save the chaff. Don't be afraid of chaos, but fear that one family will dominate, and students dare not even have novel ideas."

    With so many schools of thought, Zhao Han has made great contributions.

    Just because he did not recognize the fame of the previous dynasty, many Ming scholars, scholars, and even Jinshi were unable to become officials directly.  These scholars disdain to start from a small official, and either choose to be a teacher or study at home.  Then call friends, gather to give lectures, write books, publish newspapers, give advice, and even instill students with their own ideas in schools.

    As a result, a mess of schools of thought was formed, and some people dared to start a school.  For example, Chen Que is a?? One faction.

    During the examination period, the university is still in session.

    Chen Que has now become a man of the hour, and his former friends broke up with him one after another.

    Even Huang Zongxi wrote letters to refute some of Chen Que's views, such as saying that "The Great Learning" should not be a forgery, but it still belongs to the scope of normal discussion.  Huang Zongxi and Chen Que had always had great academic differences, but they never affected their friendship.

    "Professor Chen, you can't talk about qi and mind in class. How about you tell us when you are on vacation?"

    "Yes, sir. After reading the newspaper, we all feel that we are still full of ideas. There are many doubts, sir. My school is to be a person with a true temperament, to be a person who has seven emotions and six desires, but can restrain them. Alright, let's go to class  , don¡¯t talk about anything else.¡±

    During the class, there were already people in official uniforms standing outside the classroom to listen.

    When the bell rang for the end of get out of class, the young official immediately pushed the door open, cupped his hands and said: "Mr. Chen is polite, and the next person is Yan Zhenggang."

    The Department of Pedestrians is dedicated to running errands for the emperor. The officials are all young civil servants who have just joined the office. Many ordinary imperial decrees in the Ming Dynasty are directly sent to the place by pedestrians, not all of them use eunuchs or Jin Yiwei to deliver the decrees.

    In the Datong New Dynasty, it was more common for passers-by to deliver decrees.

    Upon hearing that it was the emperor's envoy, Chen Que quickly cupped his hands: "The angel is polite, do you need to take a bath and change clothes to receive the order?"

    Yan Zhenggang took out a copy of the decree and said with a smile: "No, it's just an ordinary manuscript. Mr. Chen is a great talent. His Majesty ordered Mr. Chen to go to Nanjing to serve as a doctor of the Imperial Academy and a professor of Jinling University.  Once in the palace, give the prince a lecture on qi, xin and xing."

    As soon as this remark came out, the classroom erupted.

    Chen Que showed a complacent look on his face, and he did not hide his joy. He turned to the students and said, "You can hear me, my knowledge will be outstanding in the future!"

    This man is forty-nine years old.

    He once apprenticed with Huang Zongxi,
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