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Text 739¡¾Theory of Heaven¡¿

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    ,

    (); Pan Wei, who stayed in Gujarat, learned more about the Mughals from the crown prince every day.

    He wrote in his work notes:

    "The Mughal state of India has completed the establishment and decentralization of power, but this system is full of loopholes."

    "The local provinces have provincial governors, just like the governors of the previous Ming Dynasty. Under the provincial governors, there are Subadar and Diwan. Subadar can be regarded as the chief envoy. Diwan is in charge of the finance of a province."

    "The princes of the Mughal kingdom are all appointed as governors. One person manages one province, or one person manages several provinces. There are also clans or nobles who are named provincial governors by the Mughal monarch. These nobles must live in Delhi or Ala.  Ge, whose family is like a hostage in the hands of the king."

    "However, the Mughal emperor is old and faint. The provincial governors of each province have more power. They can mint their own coins and appoint officials at will. The promotion and replacement of the provincial governors will continue to extend. If things go on like this, within a hundred years, the provincial governors may be  State herdsmen, in the situation of separatism at the end of the Han Dynasty"

    The provincial governors will become independent states, and they will appear one after another in about fifty years.

    Of course, there are other forms of state.

    One is the Rajputs, that is, foreign peoples who have arrived in India one after another for thousands of years.  They have their own territory, have their own army, and remain relatively independent in the Mughal Empire.

    One is the combination of capital landlords and military groups.  With the commercial development of the Mughals, the landlords continued to erode power, and even obtained the right to collect commercial taxes, and gradually became merchants and bankers.  Long-term wars and chaos have led to the decline of the traditional military system, and local powerful factions have begun to train Western-style mercenaries.  This model is very expensive, and you have to borrow money from merchants. Gradually, military groups and merchant landlords form a community.

    When the British colonized India, India was full of land states, which were formed due to the above three reasons.

    At this time, the Mughals were still at the peak of the emperor's centralization of power, but there were already signs of the collapse of the rule.

    The root cause is that Shah Jahan's militarism has emptied the entire empire's finances, and there is an urgent need to stop and recuperate.  In order to ease the financial pressure of the central government, the provincial governor has been continuously given more power, and the provincial governor has been allowed to make money and raise soldiers in the local area.

    The next emperor, the first thing to do is to take power and disarm.

    However, the actual situation is that the emperor is not dead, but seriously ill, and the four princes started fighting.  The number of troops is increasing, the power of the provincial governor is increasing, and the new emperor who raises Gu is facing the uprising army one after another.  Not only can we not disarm, but we must continue to expand the army. After the expansion, we cannot cut the army. We can only use foreign troops to transfer internal conflicts.

    So, the unfilial son born to Taj expanded the territory of the Mughal Empire to its peak.  As soon as this person died, the local government lost control, and the governors of the provinces were divided into states, and the central government could no longer control the military and political power of the provinces.

    The British East India Company, taking the opportunity to collude with the state, crazily grabbed huge profits.

    Today's Mughals, magistrates are still very obedient.

    Emperor Shah Jahan warmly received the Chinese mission, and the nobles in the capital responded immediately, rushing to visit the members of the mission, and hosting banquets every now and then.  On the way back to the mission, the local officials also received them attentively, for fear of neglecting the emperor's distinguished guests.

    In such a situation, there is no danger, and no one dares to move when the emperor covers the mission.

    Returning to the ship without any surprises, Pan Wei submitted his work report, and the others also summarized what they saw along the way.

    Next stop, Persia.

    Like the Mughal Empire, Safi Persia is also in its heyday, and the monarchy system has reached its peak.

    King Abbas II of Persia combined political, military, judicial and religious powers in one body.  Even most of the land in the country was declared to be owned by the royal family, and part of the land was allocated to officials in the form of lutian.  Peasants, on the other hand, have no right to own land.

    Abbas II made great efforts to govern, not only continued to recover lost land, but also built water conservancy, improved farming, reduced taxes, encouraged industry and commerce, built post roads, and encouraged literature and art On the whole, the national power has far surpassed the Mughals.  Kandahar was taken back from his son.

    Even though this is a green country, the social atmosphere is actually very open, even in the paintings, prostitutes often appear.

    Pan Wei gave Persia a very high evaluation, and wrote in his work notes: "The ancient country of Persia is not a vain name. This country is prosperous in culture, rich in people, full of merchants, and prosperous in all industries. The people are clean and self-loving, and the streets and markets are free from filth.  Compared with the Mughal Kingdom, there is a world of difference"

    In a word, Safi Persia belongs to a civilized country and can throw the Mughals out of eight streets.

    Even the Ottoman Empire was beaten by Persia at this time.  From Ottomans, Persia recovered Georgia one after another."When I was studying at Jinling University, I checked the records of the former Ming Dynasty. The reform of a whip method originated from the abolition of the official land of the Ming Dynasty. The abolition of the official land of the Ming Dynasty was due to the invasion of official land by Gongqing Haoyou. This kind of encroachment, occupying his land  Don¡¯t pay for it. The Land Administration of Datong New Dynasty does not allow land trading, which is no different from the official land of the Ming Dynasty. Beware of public officials who embezzle people¡¯s land and do not buy it, and they are not guilty of destroying land administration!¡±

    What does it mean to embezzle people's land and not buy it?

    It means that the people are bankrupt and can only sell their fields to survive.  But the big family did not dare to destroy the land administration, so they did not trade the land ownership, leased the land to the big family permanently, and became the tenant farmers of the big family in disguise¡ªthis is how the official land of the Ming Dynasty was invaded.

    Cai Yuncheng has decided that when he returns to Nanjing, he will go to the Shu and ask His Majesty to make up for the loopholes in Tianzheng.

    At least, make up from the legal level.

    In the future, even if the Tian government is corrupted, if you encounter daring officials, you will have full legal grounds to attack Hao You.

    During the next trip, Cai Yuncheng continued to enrich his theory.  He intends to create an academic sect, which may be called "Tian Li Sect". To implement Zhao Han's system seriously is to preserve the natural law, and to destroy Zhao Han's system is to violate the natural law, and he is a hypocrite who is dominated by human desires.
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