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    Fang Yizhi was ordered to come to see him, and he brought three sons, ten-year-old Fang Zhongde, eight-year-old Fang Zhongtong, and four-year-old Fang Zhonglu.

    "Meet Your Majesty!"

    The three children bowed upright with their father.

    Zhao Han liked it quite a lot, and after learning about it on the spot, he called his children.

    The eldest son Zhao Kuanghuan is six years old, the second son Zhao Kuangtang, the eldest daughter Zhao Furong, and the second daughter Zhao Hanjin are all only three years old.

    A few children went to play by themselves, Zhao Han asked casually: "What are the recent achievements in physics research?"

    Fang Yizhi replied: "Reporting to Your Majesty, I found that the gravitational force has nothing to do with the mass of the object. The iron block weighing one catty and the iron block weighing ten catties, ignoring the slight air resistance, they fall from a height and land at the same time."

    "It really is an astonishing discovery." Zhao Han said with a smile.

    Half a century ago, Galileo had already discovered, the Leaning Tower of Pisa, two iron balls fell at the same time.

    It's just that Galileo didn't know about universal gravitation. The universal gravitation in China is still a concept given by Zhao Han.

    Zhao Han asked again: "What else?"

    Fang Yizhi replied: "I have a student who put forward a very outrageous hypothesis based on the fact that water can be frozen, water can be boiled into steam, and iron can be heated into molten iron. That is, everything has a real state.  , water state and gaseous state. Ice is a solid state, heated and melted into water, and then heated and transpired into gas. Iron is a solid state, heated and melted into molten iron, and then heated to rise into iron gas.¡±

    Zhao Han smiled and said, "Has he verified his hypothesis?"

    Fang Yizhi said: "Many experiments have been done, and some objects agree with his hypothesis. But other objects, such as steel, cannot rise to gas at all. There is also wood, which burns when it is burned, and it will become hot when fried in a pan.  Turn black like charcoal."

    Zhao Han said: "What do you think of his hypothesis?"

    Fang Yizhi replied: "I think it should be correct. The molten iron cannot be transpired into gas, maybe it is not heated enough. As for the wood I have no idea yet."

    "Is it possible that solid state, water state, and gaseous state must be pure substances," Zhao Han tempted, "Salt water is also water, but mixed with salt. After boiling salt water, the water becomes gas and disappears.  All that is put down is salt, which is how the boiling salt method came about. Therefore, salt water is not pure water. And the wood, fresh wood has moisture, and it becomes lighter when baked or dried, because the water in the wood evaporates  If you heat it up and burn it, it will turn into charcoal, so something must have changed?"

    Fang Yizhi pondered, but still couldn't figure it out.

    Zhao Han reminded: "It's better to make a thermometer."

    "What is a thermometer?" Fang Yizhi asked.

    Zhao Han said: "Clocks have scales to record time. Scales have scales to weigh objects. Why not make a tool to measure heat and cold?"

    The more Fang Yizhi thought about it, the more confused he became: "Water temperature can be measured by hand, how to measure it with tools?"

    Zhao Han said with a smile: "Have you noticed that if you put a bucket of water outside in winter, the volume will shrink after it freezes? Or a door that can be easily closed in winter will hit the door frame in summer?"

    Fang Yizhi thought about it carefully: "It's really like this."

    "I guess, everything expands with heat and contracts with cold," Zhao Han said, "It's better to make a utensil out of glass, pour mercury into it, and mark the corresponding scale. Put it in hot water, the height of the mercury column  Not the same, in cold water, the height of the mercury column is different. Set the temperature of the water that is about to freeze as zero degrees, and mark the scale on the thermometer. Then set the temperature of the water that is about to boil as one hundred degrees.  In this way, from zero to one hundred degrees, divided into one hundred scales, you can know how much each degree is, and you can measure the heat and cold of various objects."

    Fang Yizhi began to think again.

    Zhao Han continued: "Glass is inconvenient for heat transfer, so you can make a probe on the thermometer and connect it to the mercury inside, so you can use copper as the probe of the thermometer."

    In this regard, Fang Yizhi was fidgeting, obviously wanting to go home immediately to do experiments.

    Because the amount of information is too large, we must first prove the principle of "expansion with heat and contraction with cold".

    Expanding with heat and shrinking with cold, just a few words, is the key for human beings to enter the age of steam.

    In more than fifty years, the first steam engine model will be born in Europe.  Nineteen years later, the first steam water extraction machine appeared, which discharged the water in the mine through a steam engine.

    Seeing that Fang Yizhi's mind was no longer here, Zhao Han said with a smile: "Go do the experiment, your three sons, I will send someone to send them back."

    "Resignation!" Fang Yizhi got up immediately.

    In the garden.

    Several children are playing with bamboo; In fact, Liu Tongsheng regretted it himself, but regretting is useless.  If he really had to choose again, he would still run away with his family without knowing the future.

    He is the number one scholar, how could he join the rebels?

    Seeing that the atmosphere in the cabin was not right, Wu Weiye pointed to a mountain pavilion in Taihu Lake and said, "Brother Jinqing, the Yijihua Pavilion was completed last year. Do you know why this pavilion has such a name?"

    "There are many kinds of epiphyllum outside the pavilion?" Liu Tongsheng asked.

    "No, no," Mao Pijiang said with a smile, "on the top of this pavilion, there is a vase. The vase is hollowed out into two layers, and an oil lamp is placed in the vase, and light can be seen from miles away at night. The wind of Taihu Lake blows  Come, the four windows on the outer wall of the vase turn, and the light flickers on and off, like a flash in the pan. Hang a copper plate in the pavilion, add sesame oil, and the fire of the vase will last forever. Not only that, no matter how strong the lake wind is, it will  Can't blow out the lamp in the vase."

    This pavilion is not only a place for tourists to rest, but also a lighthouse for boatmen at night.

    Liu Tongsheng exclaimed: "This is what a craftsman did."

    Jin Sheng sighed and said, "That ingenious craftsman is called Xu Zhengming. He is really a weird person. He actually imitated the children's toy bamboo dragonfly and made a kind of flying chair. After more than ten years of making it, all the money he earned was thrown into it, and the family often ran out of food. Last time  The moon finally flew up, but it was only a foot above the ground, and it barely flew two or three feet away before falling."

    "Can you really get off the ground?" Liu Tongsheng was surprised.

    Chen Mingxia laughed loudly: "Is a height of one foot called flying? It's just a plaything. ?
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