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Text Chapter 425 Summer of May Fourth (4)

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    Beijing's nationalist sentiment reached a climax with Zhang Zuolin's order to take back the China Eastern Railway on March 16.  At the end of World War I, the February Revolution broke out in Russia in 1917. The Russian Empire collapsed and the new Provisional Government of the Russian Republic was established. However, it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks shortly after and launched the October Revolution. After the October Revolution, it was established in Russia.  During this period, no country recognized the Soviet government. On March 6, 1918, the Bolshevik government signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the German Empire, announcing its withdrawal from World War I and peace.  The armistice in the German Empire angered various nationalists at home and abroad who opposed the Bolsheviks. Russia lost a large area of ??territory as a result of the treaty. After the Soviet-German armistice treaty was signed, British and French troops occupied some ports in the former Russian Empire.  In the spring of 1918, more than 30,000 Czech regiments supported by the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries, mainly composed of Czech and Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war from the former Russian Empire, mutinied. In July, they took control of the Siberian Railway from Lake Baikal to the Ural Mountains. On November 18  The government of the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries was overthrown by the coup of the former Russian admiral Kolchak. Kolchak claimed to be the "Supreme Commander of All Russia". In March 1919, Kolchak organized 400,000 White Russian troops to cross the Ural Mountains.  Launch an attack on the Volga Valley, so that the only troops left in the Far East will be Belarusian Semyonov.  Semyonov was a native of the Transbaikal Province of Russia. In 1911, Semenov graduated from the Orenburg Military School. He participated in the First World War and became a yesaul. In July 1917, Semyonov served as  The representative of the Provisional Government in the Lake Baikal region was responsible for recruiting Cossacks. After the October Revolution, Semenov launched a rebellion against the Soviet Union. After his defeat, he fled to China. On April 6, 1918, he went to Hailar and Angang Creek along the Middle East Railway to recruit  With 4 battalions of the Volunteer Army, he marched to Manchuria and established the "Transbaikal Provisional Government". In August of the same year, he received help from the Czechoslovak Army, captured Chita, and moved the "Transbaikal Provisional Government" there. He used ruthless  rule, consolidating his position in the Baikal region. During his rule of the region, he was portrayed as a "steppe bandit, intercepting trains and robbing property, no matter whose goods it was." The Provisional Government of Siberia appointed Semyonov as the headquarters of a detachment.  Commander of the detachment based in Chita. Initially, General Kolchak refused to recognize Semyonov's authority, but later he was forced to accept this fact and appointed Semenov commander-in-chief of the Chita Military District. In early 1919  , Semyonov declared himself the Ataman of the Transbaikal Cossacks and received support from the Japanese intervention forces.  But now the Japanese used their usual tactics. Wu Junsheng, the army supporting Zhang Zuolin, unceremoniously took over the China Eastern Railway Company and drove away the Russian employees. Semyonov was so angry that he immediately organized an army to fight back, but was stopped by the interventionist army.  Opposition, and more importantly, Zhang Zuolin's army did not seem to be easy to mess with, so the Middle East Road was taken back by Zhang Zuolin without any reason. For a time, Zhang Zuolin was praised by various major newspapers and tabloids in the Beijing and Tianjin areas.  With the title of patriot.  Although the Belarusian side is extremely angry about Zhang Zuolin's behavior, the Russian civil war has entered a critical moment at this time. They have no good way except to protest. Britain and France are deeply worried about this, the United States has no attitude, and Japan has no attitude this time.  They are opposed and even secretly supporting it. These dwarfs are thinking about how to get the operating rights of this railway into their own hands. This is not a difficult task for them.  And Zhang Zuolin is happy. He can now be said to have achieved both fame and fortune. Not only can he get enough income from the Middle East Road (a large number of intervention military supplies to Russia must go through this railway), but he has also gained enough political fame.  At this moment, the little flame in his heart that unified the whole country began to jump uncontrollably.  In the following more than a month, Zhang Zuolin, on the one hand, accepted 10 million yuan in taxes paid by the National Government (contracted to 100 million yuan), on the other hand, he created public opinion in Congress and tried to abolish the National Government as a local government.  Complete national unification.  Historically, the Fengtian faction was beaten to a pulp by the Soviet Red Army in order to regain the Middle East Road. However, in this time and space, such a smooth recovery also further increased the expectations of the patriotic students in the Beijing-Tianjin area for the Paris Peace Conference. It can be said that it has already  It couldn't be any higher. Wang Zhenyu looked at the map of the country, took a deep breath and said, "Let Zhang Zuolin be proud of you for a while." In April, the Paris Peace Conference entered a critical moment. Lu Zhengxiang, Director-General of Foreign Affairs of the Central Government in Beijing,  The Chinese delegation composed of Shi Zhaoji, Minister to the UK, Wei Chenzu, the Minister to Belgium, and Gu Weijun, the diplomatic representative of the Nationalist Government, formally submitted China's seven-point demands to the peace conference: 1. Abolish the sphere of influence; 2. Withdraw foreign troops and patrol police; 3.  Abolish foreign post offices and wired and wireless telegraph agencies; 4. Revoke consular jurisdiction; 5. Return leased areas; 6. Return concessions; 7. Freedom of customs duties;   The Paris Peace Conference was conducted from beginning to end under the control of the victorious imperialist powers.  Conference of the Great Powers. All major issues of the peace conference are first discussed and decided by the Conference of the Five Powers. First there is the "Conference of Ten", led by Wilson and Lansing of the United States, Lloyd George and Balfour of the United Kingdom, Clemenceau and Bishop of France.  Composed of Italy's Orlando and Sannino, Japan's Saionji Komochi and Makino Nobunobu, the "Conference of Ten" was a "regular formal meeting" of the five major powers. It was held more than 60 times during the peace conference, starting from March 26, 1919.  , the "Conference of Ten" was reduced to the "Conference of Four", that is, the heads of the four countries of Britain, France, the United States, and Italy negotiated privately on European issues in the peace conference (On April 23, Italian Prime Minister Orlando left the meeting, and the leaders of Britain, France, and the United States  The heads of the three countries controlled the situation in the form of a "meeting of three").  The Peace Preparatory Conference, that is, the plenary meeting of the 27 countries, was only held 6 times during the peace conference, and it was just a formality.  In the formal peace conference, representatives of the Allied Powers and representatives of the former enemy countries met separately, once to submit the final draft of the peace treaty, and once to sign the peace treaty.  Although the Chinese European Expeditionary Force has achieved wonderful results in Europe, and although the Nationalist Government in the south has begun the pace of modernization, in the eyes of the great powers, China is still a weak and ancient country, while Japan is a regional power in Asia.  Britain still takes good care of Japan, its little brother, but after the war, Britain can no longer offer anything to appease Japan. What they can do is very simple, which is to use China to satisfy Japan, and then enable Japan to continue to contain them.  Russia, at the same time, do not pursue the idea of ??British and French colonies in Southeast Asia.  The peace conference initially promised to return the rights and interests in Shandong to China; however, Japanese representative Makino Nobunobu proposed the so-called "Twenty-One Treaties". He insisted that according to this treaty, the interests in Shandong should belong to the Empire of Japan, and Britain and France almost  Without even thinking about it, I transferred this right to Japan.  Gu Weijun immediately asked to reiterate his demands and changed the original seven-point demand to eight points: 1. Abolish the sphere of influence; 2. Withdraw foreign troops and patrol police; 3. Abolish foreign post offices and wired and wireless telegraph agencies; 4. Revoke consular jurisdiction.  ; 5. Return of the leased land; 6. Return of the concession; 7. Freedom of customs duties; 8. Abolition of Article 21.  For this reason, they even met with French Prime Minister Clemenceau alone for support, because the damn British have clearly sided with their Japanese allies (the Anglo-Japanese alliance is the British control of the Far East and the Pacific, and the control of Russia and the United States)  an important policy).  However, the Peace Conference still transferred Germany's rights and interests in Shandong to Japan on April 29-30, 1919.  On May 1, 1919, Chinese negotiator and Foreign Minister Lu Zhengxiang telegraphed the matter to the Beijing government, saying that failure to sign the contract would be detrimental to the abolition of consular jurisdiction, cancellation of the Boxer Indemnity, tariff autonomy, compensation for losses, etc.  , Shanghai's "Continental News" and "Beijing News": "The government received a call from the Chinese delegation in Paris, saying that the diplomatic war with Japan regarding the return of the Jiaozhou lease has failed. This involves a political struggle, and history  The current Anhui clique has failed early. The current central government is controlled by the Qian Nengxun government supported by the Feng clique. The New Communications Department, which originally belonged to the historical Anhui clique, except for Cao Rulin, defected to the south and served as the mayor of Wuhan.  , while Lu Zongyu and Zhang Zongxiang took the banner of the New Transportation Department and defected to Zhang Zuolin. Zhang Zuolin happened to be short of people, so he joined forces with a group of politicians who were not in harmony with the New Transportation Department.  With the support of some veteran figures who had gone south, a National Diplomacy Association was established: On February 16, 1919, the National Diplomacy Association, composed of groups from all walks of life in Beijing, held its founding meeting at Xiong Xiling's house, and elected Xiong Xiling, Wang Daxie, Liang Qichao,  Lin Changmin, Fan Yuanlian, Tang Hualong, Yan Xiu, Zhang Jian, and Zhuang Yunkuan are ten directors. On the 21st, the association issued a seven-point diplomatic proposal by phone: "1. Promote the implementation of the League of Nations; 2. Abolish spheres of influence and formulate implementation methods; 3.  . Abolish all non-breaking equal treaties and treaties, contracts and other international documents concluded with coercion, inducement or secretly; 4. Periodically remove consular jurisdiction; 5. Strive for freedom of tariffs; 6. Cancel the balance of the Boxer Indemnity; 7. Recover the concession areas  , changed to public trade.  ¡± Strictly speaking, the news of the failure of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference was leaked by this organization. Here we have to say that Zhang Zuolin failed as a man. Although he supported the president Xu Shichang, he was not of the same mind. Regarding the Paris Peace Treaty, Xu Shichang  He also had expectations, so if the negotiations failed, Xu Shichang would not and could not sign it, but he could not afford to offend Zhang Zuolin and the Japanese, so he chose to secretly support the National Diplomatic Association.
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