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Karl Marx's Eight Commentaries on Treville

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    It can be said that the recent developments and changes on the European continent have exceeded everyone's expectations. The whole world is shaken by what suddenly happened in the heart of the Russian Empire. An empire that originally seemed powerful has also been shaken by this sudden change.  It was paralyzed by the incident, which was nothing short of bad news for it, because they had already fallen into an absolute disadvantage in the military confrontation with Britain and France.  .???? Because of the unique insularity, slowness, and bureaucratic corruption of the Russian Empire, their information transmission is slow and often distorted, so we may never know what happened in St. Petersburg in those crucial days.  , but based on the information we have received so far, we can try to outline the general outline of all these events for readers: "Just when the Russian tsar was worried about the increasingly deteriorating war situation, he summoned ministers to the Winter Palace where he lived to discuss  At the time of the countermeasures, a group of putschists, who seemed to have the cooperation of a large group of Guards and troops stationed near Petersburg, took action. After a brief exchange of fire, they occupied the Winter Palace and controlled the Tsar and his troops.  Ministers.  From the perspective of a coup, it did not shed much blood. The nerve center of the Russian Empire did not anticipate such sudden changes, so it was quickly defeated by these coup makers, and because the tsar and ministers were already there  In this incident, contact with the outside world was lost, so in the most important few hours, the garrison outside the city was not able to receive unified orders and actions. In the end, they could only watch in shock as the Winter Palace and the entire capital fell into the  into the hands of the coup d'etat.  Now, the life and death of the tsar and ministers are unknown, and the coupers have taken control of the capital and issued a large number of notices, asking local governments to obey their orders in the name of the new provisional government, thus announcing the coup.  In front of the world.  Now, this provisional government has elected their leader, Count Bezukhov, and formed a leadership, trying to take over the entire country at an extremely fast speed and implement their plan to govern the country.  Although we have never heard of their name and organization before, judging from their large-scale operation and subsequent actions, this was a long-planned and successful operation.  There is no doubt that this coup took place against the background that the war on the Crimean Peninsula became more and more intense, and the Russian Empire suffered a heavy loss and lost the Sevastopol Fortress. It was a concrete manifestation of the Russian nation's disappointment with the Tsar and the Tsarist government.  Performance.  However, gathering so many officers and soldiers who are willing to participate in a coup is definitely not something that can be accomplished overnight. It is also impossible to gather a leadership elite group strong enough to try to take over the entire country in a short period of time. Therefore, this should be a long-planned action. Military  The failure is just a trigger.  This is not to say that the military failure of the Russian Empire is unimportant. In fact, this failure is the most direct reason for the success of the coup. The system of the Tsar and the entire Russian Empire has long been notorious, and the majority of the people have been suppressed by this system and have no freedom.  The plight of having no property, and other conquered peoples even more disgusted with all the injustice and oppression they suffered, this extremely vicious political system could only rely on a brutal army.  And when the army suffers a defeat, the political system will inevitably weaken until it finally collapses.  All rebels like to dress themselves up as the guardians of the people, and tirelessly instill in people the myth that only they can save them from being bullied by foreigners; at the same time, it is precisely because of the expansion of the army and empire that the tsar can use illusory  Glory was used to anesthetize his citizens and allow them to endure more or less the suffering that the tsarist regime inflicted on them. However, the originally seemingly powerful tsarist military machine was retreating steadily in the confrontation with the European powers. This was tantamount to  Proclaiming to the Russian people that all their suffering was in vain, all the lies of the Tsar were exposed in the failure, and proved that they were just parasites that were entrenched in the people's heads, knocking the bones and sucking the marrow, and that they themselves were the root of Russia's backwardness.  The bankruptcy of the myth of the Tsar gave the conspirators an excellent opportunity, and these conspirators obviously seized this opportunity and shocked the whole world with a sudden attack.  Although we are still unable to know the subsequent development of all situations, we can conclude that the sudden changes will definitely bring a new impact to Europe.  Different from the previous coups in the Russian Imperial Court, the coups this time had political goals other than fighting for power. After taking control of the capital, the provisional government they formed immediately announced that it would implement constitutional government in Russia and empower everyone.  The citizens of this empire have free personal rights. Their purpose is to give the Russian Empire a new look.  Yes, this is not a palace coup,?It's a revolution!  The progress of the war on the Crimean Peninsula can actually catalyze such shocking results, which is indeed beyond our expectation. This also proves that we have underestimated the degree of awakening of the Russians, and it also proves that even in the  In the most dull and violent political system, human beings' passion for freedom will never be wiped out.  The conspirators represented by Count Bezukhov, out of an admirable public spirit, risked their lives and abandoned their original luxurious life to do such a great thing. This is worthy of any well-intentioned person.  People admire them, they are the most dazzling fruits of the centuries-old civilization process of the Russian Empire's aristocracy, and their efforts are also the necessary path for this nation to enter a new era.  "In centuries of ignorance and darkness, a group of elites who deeply love their country and nation and are determined to drag Russia out of its lethargic quagmire have been born. This is definitely Russia's luck.  It is also ironic that Russia, which was originally the backbone of the Holy Alliance and considered the most reactionary bastion in Europe, would be the first to break out of revolution and pick up the flag trampled by the restored Bourbon dynasty in 1815.  With their generous move, Europe has once again entered a turbulent year since 1789. Everyone is participating in history consciously or unconsciously. Perhaps just one year can represent a century.  This revolution is both unexpected and reasonable.  The viciousness of the tsarist regime not only sustained its life, but also accumulated hatred for itself. When it was weakened, the crater finally came to erupt, and this regime ushered in a destined reckoning.  Of course, the fact that the Russian Empire was paralyzed and the Tsar and his ministers were in prison did not mean the complete collapse of the Tsarist regime.  After all, there are still many troops loyal to the Tsar remaining on the Crimean Peninsula and on various borders. There must also be many officials from other provinces who will continue to pursue the successors of this political system. They will unite to try to strangle Petersburg.  Revolutionaries defend their former status and interests.  At the same time, these revolutionaries must also face the counterattack of the entire aristocratic class. Although many of their leaders came from the aristocratic class and relied on their own wealth to lay a certain material foundation for the revolution, enlightened individuals cannot represent  Class, on the whole, the Russian aristocratic class is the most reactionary. They rely on their loyalty to the tsar and maintain their absolute authority in the territory with peace of mind, while exterminating the serfs.  If the Russians are to be given freedom, it will inevitably harm their interests greatly. They will definitely try their best to assist the reactionary army to kill the rebels they call and allow Russia to return to their rule.  For these people, the revolutionaries in Petersburg cannot have illusions about reconciliation. They must know that only violent storms can cleanse away the sins accumulated over the centuries, and any compromise will only make their cause fall short.  In addition, for these revolutionaries, they have a more vicious and powerful enemy, which is the powerful countries in Europe.  These countries stifled the French revolution half a century ago and were proud of it. Now they will naturally not be indifferent to the storm coming from Russia. They will definitely try their best to destroy, interfere and destroy.  To keep the specter of revolution at bay, they thought they could do it all.  Although the Western European powers are at war with the Russian Empire, and to some extent this is the cause of the current situation, they have no essential contradiction with the Russian Empire and the Tsar. These civilized gentlemen speak the same language and do the same thing.  Despicable behavior, ruling the country with tyrannical and tyrannical methods, driving people from all countries to fight each other and die for their shady interests.  They fight each other, but they are also happy to maintain the rule of any one of them, because to them, the people are always monsters that cannot be put into the sun.  We have enough accurate news to prove that on the front line of the Crimean Peninsula, the Russian army has begun negotiating a peace treaty with the British and French coalition forces.  Charles de Treville, the loyal subordinate and think tank of the liar emperor, had already rushed to Crimea and negotiated an armistice with the Russian delegation, and everything that happened in Petersburg would inevitably happen.  Stimulate the Russian delegation to speed up, reach a peace treaty with the Western European powers as soon as possible, and then transfer the army back to the hinterland of the Russian Empire to strangle the revolution.  In order to stop the war and gain the support of Western European powers, these civilized Russian gentlemen are willing to sell their interests. They would rather betray their country to civilized gentlemen of the same kind than grant freedom to the Russians. All the events in the past have long ago  This has been proven.  Now the Tsar¡¯s supporters haveHe began to move around, entangled the reactionary troops, controlled the territory, and prepared to use guns and artillery to make up for what he had lost overnight.  Of course, although their army is well-trained and has accumulated rich combat experience in many years of war, they are by no means without weaknesses. All armies are, in the final analysis, composed of ordinary people. Any behavior that is beneficial to the people will not be tolerated.  In the end, it will also be beneficial to the largest number of soldiers in the army. For these forcibly recruited farmers, there is nothing more direct and clear than land.  Foreign intervention cannot be coordinated. Unlike the intervention in France, Russia is not surrounded by all sides, and it is difficult for foreign coalition forces to launch a coordinated attack on it.  Russia's vast territory and climatic conditions also make it extremely difficult for foreign intervention. The vast territory gives the Russians the depth to maneuver calmly. With Napoleon's lessons learned, it is difficult for foreign monarchs to decide to go deep alone.  determination.  Therefore, we can foresee that foreign intervention will mainly support the reactionary armies in various places.  Therefore, in order to continue the revolution, in order to consolidate the authority of the provisional government, and in order to fight against the reactionary armies that are gathering everywhere, the revolutionaries who occupied Petersburg must not have any illusions. They must clearly confirm their position.  By dismantling these armies through rapid land reform, the freedom they promised to the people in vain will definitely not tempt ordinary soldiers more than land.  Now, the revolutionaries in Petersburg have undoubtedly made a good start through their far-sighted plans and decisions, but only with stormy actions and indomitable spirit can they get a good ending, otherwise they will  The cause will fail under the enemy's counterattack, and Russia will lose an excellent opportunity to face a glorious tomorrow.  Elsewhere, the bourgeoisie, who had leisure for tea and some of the bombast, might have condemned the revolution as bringing misery to Russia's refined classes and making good times gone forever, as they were wont to do.  They were indifferent to the innocent souls created by hundreds of years of suffering and tyranny, but they cried over the loss of hundreds of heads!  We cannot deny that this represents violence and bloodshed, and to some extent it may even be a large-scale civil war. Among the two groups of people who are determined to realize the revolution and those who are determined to stifle the revolution, there will inevitably be a life-and-death fight. It is absolutely impossible.  There is a sudden victory, but you must go through an arduous journey and go through countless dangers, sufferings and sacrifices before you can taste the final sweetness.  Count Bezukhov, with his great courage and wisdom, opened a glorious new page for the continent. The European monarchs will return to the days when they were shaken by the revolution, and their success will also bring great benefits to European countries.  To encourage the aspiring people.  Here, we sincerely wish him success.  We also firmly believe that as a dynamic nation, under the leadership of this group of awakened fighters, we will surely be able to regain the freedom that was robbed by tyranny and usher in a new future!
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