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Related Works [Repost] Indiscriminate taking and human trafficking in Japan¡¯s Warring States Period

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    The so-called random taking refers to organized war and plunder. Similar behaviors such as military robbery after breaking through a city, which was common in ancient China, and not sealing the sword for three days are all of this type. Everyone knows the specific meaning and will not list it in detail.  During the Warring States Period in Japan, the main body of military armed forces was composed of farmers, who often had to carry their own food rations. Only large-scale expeditions would be handled by daimyo.  And foreign wars will affect farming to a greater or lesser extent, so farmers are often willing to participate in wars with the goal of plundering battlefields.  ??And human trafficking is a supplement to the financial resources of famous people after the war. Local people are sold to merchants, large landowners, serfs, and women are put into prisons to enrich armament funds and make profits for Chinese people and wealthy families.  During the Warring States Period, random seizures were seen as normal, but there were still unspoken rules that needed to be followed. Generally, Warring States daimyo usually carried out random seizures during the war to supplement the shortage of logistics and as subsidies for farmers, while for conquered areas,  Notices would be erected to express the new lord's leniency and similar language, blaming the previous lord for the chaos during the war in order to stabilize the new territory.  For example, after Uesugi Kenshin sent troops to Kanto to capture Oda Castle, Shimazu Yoshihisa sent troops to Bungo, Oda Nobunaga's human trafficking of Echizen Ikku, and the hunting of people by the Hojo family, these families were all engaged in war  At that time, human trafficking after the war was mainly based on prisoners of war, and it did not involve surrendered people, nor was it taken randomly from new collars, and all could be redeemed in exchange for money.  ??And among the various Warring States daimyo, the four most famous daimyo can be used as examples of different versions of random taking and human trafficking.  1. Oda Nobunaga, average random taking, low human trafficking 2. Uesugi Kenshin, average random taking, highest human trafficking 3. Takeda Shingen, highest random taking, low human trafficking, highest profit, but violated unspoken rules 4  , Hojo Ujiyasu, random taking and human trafficking are common. The four families of Oda, Uesugi, Takeda, and Hojo have their own backgrounds and reasons for the random taking and human trafficking. First of all, although Oda Nobunaga was in the Kinki battlefield, especially in Kyoto  Strict military discipline was adopted in the area, but in other wars during the Yonglu and Yuangui years, because there had not yet been a large-scale separation of soldiers and peasants, peasant soldiers were still used, so the degree of random expropriation was still very high. However, in terms of human trafficking, Nobunaga  The policy of public security was strict and against slaves, so it was not prosperous enough.  Secondly, Oda Nobunaga often captured prisoners of war who would continue to fight no matter where they were placed. Asai and Araki were both traitors that Nobunaga hated, so in addition to selling Echizen Ichiku, most of them  It's time to eradicate the problem, so the number of human trafficking is not high.  Kenshin Uesugi's ability to steal from ordinary people and the highest level of human trafficking is related to the fact that he often fights overseas decisive battles. From a general perspective, he sent troops to Kawanakajima to resist Takeda from overseas, and supported the Kanto nobles in the Kanto strategy. From a strategic point of view, it was not a bad calculation.  .  The former prevented the Takeda family from easily invading Echigo, and the latter gained the status of Daiyi and strengthened Uesugi Kenshin's policy of entering and exiting Kanto to occupy the warm plains. Unfortunately, the Hojo family was also a hard player, preventing him from going smoothly.  Therefore, in many cases, Uesugi Kenshin's sending troops could not increase the territory. This is one of the reasons why Takeda Shingen was able to instigate rebellion against Uesugi's retainers.  As for the great masters, Uesugi Kenshin¡¯s long-term expeditions also placed a burden on the farmers and his own finances. Although Uesugi Kenshin made a lot of commercial profits, this could not spread to all the people in the territory.  Therefore, in addition to allowing random taking, Uesugi Kenshin also carried out a large number of human hunting when he was in Kawanakajima and Kanto. According to the "Etsusa Historical Materials", after Kenshin captured Hitachi Oda Castle, he opened a temporary slave market under the city.  Expand financial resources to make up for the shortage of annual tribute caused by the Yonglu Famine.  This is also the reason why Uesugi Kenshin was able to exempt taxes abnormally and appease the people of the territory to send troops to Kanto when there was a famine. At that time, there was even a permanent slave market in Naoetsu in Echigo.  In contrast, Takeda Shingen has a reputation for excessive abuse. Human trafficking of ordinary daimyo is normal, often recorded in history books, and ignored because it is an unspoken rule of the Warring States Period.  "As for Takeda Shingen, whose family relied too heavily on income from traditional agriculture and mining, his business achievements were limited. In order to increase military funds, he needed to further develop the mines. Therefore, he increased profits from the human trade and added them as slaves to the Jinshan Mountains.  Especially in Saku County, after the opponent opened the city, they still carried out random expropriation and brought disaster to ordinary civilians, and the body payment was more than the market price. According to "Myohoji Chronicle", Uesugi and Hojo's body payment at the same time was 20 to 30 mon sen, while Takeda  However, the family offered several times higher prices, as high as 2 to 10 guan, in order to reduce the redemption rate and transfer them to Jinshan to work as miners. That's why Takeda Shingen became notorious for human trafficking this time.  After conquering Shinano, Takeda Shingen also immediately reduced his behavior of buying and selling people. However, as the output of the mines declined, the attackDuring the Suruga Castle period, after the Imagawa clan truly retreated to Kakegawa Castle, the Takeda army still chose to adopt an excessive and random strategy when entering the city. The saying that Baba Nobbo came to remonstrate and then stopped is actually a lie.  That¡¯s why Anayayama Nobu-kun and Tokugawa Ieyasu had to work hard to rebuild Suruga. It was this random seizure that caused too much damage to the entire Suruga.  Because the Takeda family has mobilized a large number of people in wars for a long time, and the Koyo Military Journal states that Shingen wins six points, from another perspective, it can be found that although Takeda Shingen often wins the war, the Takeda family also mobilizes a lot for no reason, such as against  The wars at Echuchu and Hida did not substantially increase the Takeda family's territorial gains, and both the Okumikawa and Shinano clans were obviously surrendered, but in fact they were independent military commanders.  Because of the massive military mobilization, the Takeda family carried out such indiscriminate seizures of the people's hearts and minds. When attacking Mikawa and Enji, such indiscriminate seizures caused public dissatisfaction in the newly occupied areas. Therefore, the Takeda army's new occupation of the local area  The ground control is weak, and most of them will be lost as soon as they retreat.  When Takeda Katsuyori arrived, it was another scene. Katsuyori imitated the Hojo family and wanted to recover taxes from retainers. He also wanted to centralize power and suppress the power of retainers like the Oda family. At the same time, he also wanted to send troops to occupy territory like his father Shingen.  Use offense as defense to suppress the development of Oda and Tokugawa, and seize their territory, which requires long-term military deployment.  Therefore, when sending out troops, the wealthy families who had not sent out troops were required to provide rice and money. In addition, in order to surprise others, they sent troops during the busy autumn season. Although some taxes were exempted and arbitrary withdrawals were allowed, it still resulted in the disadvantage of being unable to make ends meet. Three years ago in Tianzheng, due to the  Successfully captured the Akechi Castle in Higashi Mino and the Gaotian Castle in Higashi Yuanjiang, which were buffered by the local annual tribute. However, they were on the defensive after the Battle of Nagashino. The ineffective defensive battle not only failed to gain territory, but the Chinese people behind them  The public was forced to contribute money and effort, and Katsuyori wanted to take back their power, which eventually caused a backlash, and Oda Nobunaga was able to instigate General Takeda to attack Koshin.  In addition, although Hojo Ujiyasu has the reputation of being the best in civil affairs during the war, he reduced the exploitation of the people of the country by four public houses and six citizens, reduced house fees, tax exemptions in bad years, and direct tax collection by daimyo.  However, it is a fact that the daimyo family had a limited income due to their reputation of loving the people. However, the Hojo family was definitely no less war-ridden than Takeda and Uesugi, so they also relied heavily on such extra-system income to supplement their family expenses and appease the people.  During the Ueno and Shimono conquests, Hojo Teru carried out a large number of human hunts and took random possessions of the castle. Therefore, he and Takeda had always been criticized by the surrounding wealthy families. However, the Hojo family paid more attention to their reputation among the people.  There are also other loose laws in place, so when it comes to random taking and human trafficking, enough is enough.  At the end of the Warring States Period, the annexation of various places intensified, which obviously became the stage for all major forces. After a long period of chaos, there was also a tendency to enter Changzhi.  In particular, due to the expansion of Oda Nobunaga's financial base and the expansion of his territory, he issued a slave prohibition order and a prohibition order on human trafficking, reduced the number of military mobilizations, and strengthened the policy of separation of soldiers and peasants to increase the cohesion of the Oda family's people, not so much the organization.  Tian Nobunaga loves the people and governs the country. It is better to say that Nobunaga has a deep understanding that he cannot kill the goose to lay eggs. Moreover, due to the development of territory and commerce, the resources of only one legion are enough to compete with a daimyo, so there is no need to excessively draw on the people's power.  For this reason, Kenshin Uesugi also successively issued prohibition orders on human trafficking to end the human trafficking market in Naoetsu, as did the Hojo Ujimasa.  "However, since Tohoku and Kyushu are still divided among themselves, Shimadzu, Otomo, and Date all still behave like this.  Human trafficking and indiscriminate extortion could never be effectively stopped. It was not until Hideyoshi sent troops to Kyushu that the human trafficking was gradually and effectively put to an end, but only within Japan.  The subsequent dispatch of troops to North Korea caused a great loss of national power to the daimyo in Zhenxi. In addition, the Japanese navy was destroyed by Yi Sun-shin, and there were logistical problems. Therefore, the Japanese army carried out a large number of random seizures and hunting in North Korea to enrich the finances.  Among them, generals including Shimazu Yoshihiro, Kato Kiyomasa, Konishi Yukinaga, Kuroda Nagamasa, Kobayakawa Hideaki and other generals all behaved this way. Ishida Mitsunari was quite dissatisfied with such behavior and once reported it to Hideyoshi. However, due to logistical problems, Toyoshi  After all, the Toyotomi army failed to deal with such a situation, causing a large-scale civil uprising in Korea, and even used scorched earth tactics to fight, causing the Toyotomi army to suffer heavy losses in the end.  After Hideyoshi's death, the world was still in turmoil, but it took more than ten years to truly end the bad habits of random expropriation and human trafficking. Even during the Summer Battle of Osaka, Tokugawa Ieyasu still had "Enemy's territory is legal for people to take, and war is legal"  The order of "Offsite recognition" was not temporarily resolved until the Edo shogunate stabilized the country.
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