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Text Chapter 1,609 Factors of War

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    The emperors' pursuit of immortality was so crazy. It can be said that in order to achieve immortality, these emperors were willing to sacrifice everything, and some even led to the defeat of the country. As a result, these emperors still failed to achieve immortality, at most.  That is to say, extend your life span, or die directly in the so-called elixir of immortality. It can be said that immortality has harmed many emperors.  Of course, when emperors pursued immortality, there were still some benefits. Some emperors extended their lifespan just because of their pursuit of immortality.  You must know that in ancient society, human life span was very low, with the average life span being only about thirty years old.  So why did people in ancient times have such short life spans?  First, the medical conditions at that time were backward, and there was nothing we could do about problems that seem very common now.  For example, take typhoid fever. Hua Xiao Shuan in Lu Xun's novel cannot be cured when he gets this disease. His father loves his son very much and wants to continue the family line, so he has no choice but to listen to superstition and bake him human blood steamed buns to eat, but in the end it doesn't help. Hua Xiao Shuan  He died and returned to the west.  This is still a modern thing, let alone from afar. You can imagine how many people died from such a small problem.  ??Also, in ancient times, due to the backwardness and lack of medical conditions, once a plague or other large-scale infectious disease occurred, the consequences would be so serious that we today can't imagine it.  In history, there have been several particularly huge plagues, and the consequences of these plagues are really within these plagues.  The most famous one is the Black Death, the people who died from the Black Death in history.  That's countless.  The Black Death is one of the deadliest plagues in human history.  It is generally thought to be caused by a bacterium called plague, but more recently it has been suggested that it is caused by other diseases.  The origin of the plague has caused widespread controversy among experts.  Some historians believe that the Black Death began in China or Central Asia in the 1420s and 1430s, and was carried by traders and soldiers to the southern Crimea of ??the Bear Country in the following years.  In the 1440s, the epidemic spread from Crimea to Western Europe and North Africa. The Black Death caused as many as 75 million deaths worldwide, of which 25 to 50 million were in Europe.  The combined death toll in World War I and World War II was not so high, which shows how harmful the plague is!  One of the symptoms of the Black Death is that many black spots will appear on the skin of the patient, so this special plague is called the "Black Death".  ¡°For those infected with the disease, a painful death is almost inevitable.  There is no chance of any cure.  The germs that caused the plague were carried by fleas hiding in the fur of black rats.  In the 14th century, the number of black rats was large, and once the disease occurred, it spread rapidly.  Between 1348 and 1350, a total of 25 million Europeans died from the Black Death.  However, this epidemic did not end there, and it happened again and again over the next 40 years.  Before the plague bacteria broke out again in the 1320s, it had been dormant in the Gobi Desert of Asia for hundreds of years.  It then quickly spread through the blood of fleas on rats, from China to Central Asia and Turkey along the caravan trade routes, and then carried by ships to Italy and into Europe.  Europe¡¯s dense population became a tinderbox for the disease.  For three years, the Black Death ravaged the entire European continent and then spread to bear country.  Killing nearly one-third to half of the bear country's population.  ¡°Plagues are very harmful not only in ancient society, but also in modern society.  There are also extremely harmful plagues, the most representative of which are infectious diseases such as AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria.  "Gregory Hartl, spokesman for the United Nations World Health Organization (who) said.  "This move marks an important step for mankind in the fight against infectious diseases. If no measures are taken, these three infectious diseases are likely to completely destroy the human economy and social structure. On the contrary, if the world's richest countries can  By working together to contribute to this, things will fundamentally change. "It is understood that there are currently 35 million people living with HIV in the world, 70% of whom live in sub-Saharan Africa, where the order has so far been implemented.  11 million people have died from AIDS.  One-third of AIDS patients eventually die of tuberculosis, which kills 2 million people every year and infects another 8 million people, almost all of them in developing countries.  Malaria can be transmitted through mosquito bites and kills 1 million people in Africa every year.  The World Health Organization estimates that in developing countries, AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria are three infectious diseases that cause countries to sufferSuffered huge losses.  Among them, in sub-Saharan African countries, malaria alone has caused a loss of one-third of the GDP in the past 35 years.  French President Chirac said at a major AIDS conference that he would urge leaders of other countries to support improving medical standards in developing countries at the G8 leaders' meeting.  Judging from past situations, the promises made by the Group of Eight often fail to be fulfilled in the end.  For example, in 1999, the Group of Eight announced that it would reduce the debt of the world's poorest countries by 100 billion yuan, but so far, no country has taken concrete actions.  In view of this, the World Charity Medical and Health Front (msf), which actively calls for the provision of cheap medicines to poor countries, warned that the Group of Eight must use practical actions to fulfill the promises made.  MSF spokeswoman Samantha Bolton said, "The G8 should provide funding to help developing countries produce some common drugs, such as antiretroviral drugs to treat AIDS, to free these countries from the control of big foreign pharmaceutical companies.  Reliance. ¡± In addition, it is also very important to encourage and support the research work of public research institutions.  The development of new drugs should not be monopolized by a large multinational company like a commodity.  The treatment of tuberculosis is a prominent example.  The only current vaccine was discovered in 1923. Since then, almost no one has researched new and more effective drugs.  After more than 30 years of use, this vaccine called TB is not only expensive, but its potency is also gradually declining.  Bolton said, "Tuberculosis is a poor man's disease. If you contract TB, you have to stay in the hospital for months and be unable to work, which is simply unaffordable for many people." The second is that at that time.  Men generally have many children to support.  As the saying goes, more children bring more blessings.  For example, there is Sanduotang in Shanxi, also known as the Cao Family Courtyard. It is located in Beigu Village, Taigu County, 7 kilometers away from the Qiao Family Courtyard. It is the glory of the Cao Family created by Cao Sanxi, the founder of the Cao Family in Taigu.  For foundation, three more means more children, more blessings, and more longevity. Sanduo Hall is very famous.  In fact, this is just because China is mainly based on farming, a concept inherited from families. In fact, to put it bluntly, a large population requires more efforts and more labor.  Only then can we support the whole family. However, people's energy is limited, so at that time.  Under the dominance of this concept, all men's lifespan is prematurely lost to grinding. The result can be imagined.  Third, it is directly related to polygamy in ancient times.  ¡°Polygamy is not something that can be easily talked about.  Since he is a wife, a man must fulfill his responsibilities as a husband.  It¡¯s not good to neglect any one of them.  If you are sidelined, family conflicts will easily arise.  The chickens and dogs are restless.  But on this issue, which man can be so impartial? In fact, it¡¯s not that men don¡¯t want to be impartial, but that so many wives, in terms of emotions, interests, love of children, and inheritance of family property  , everyone feels that men are biased.  You can't blame women for this. No one can change women's tendency to be jealous.  The problem is, if it's just jealousy, then that's it. The key is, although women's status at that time seemed to be low, women had to fight openly and secretly in private, just like the queen and concubine in the palace. For those vested interests,  He can't wait to kill people, which makes men very troubled.  When we read some ancient books and classics, it may not be difficult to find such a problem in today's TV dramas. Just imagine, even the emperor has no way to fundamentally solve this problem, so what can ordinary people do?  no way.  Therefore, this leaves men in a situation where they are both showing off their power and showing off their appearance, but they are also short-tempered and unable to save their lives. ?? If things go on like this, how can life not be reduced?  At the same time, polygamy strains men¡¯s energy. It is inevitable for men to work hard for such a large family during the day, and they have to take care of their wives at night.  We know that in the past, the more powerful and wealthy a man was, the more he had many wives and concubines. If you have to take care of so many wives and concubines, it may be difficult to deal with them without using all your strength.  Looking at Ximen Qing in "Water Margin", of course, he is not a good bird. He is mentioned here just to study his short life from the group of his wives and concubines.  For his own selfish desires, this man did not hesitate to frame his friends and kill people. He had many wives and concubines. According to records, Ximen Qing, who was only thirty-three years old, ran out of oil and died in the west.  In fact, it is not strange to say, what kind of situation did the emperor live in ancient times? Could it be that the king's land in the whole world, and the king's ministers on the shore of the land? The days they lived, compared to Ximen Qing, it was a heaven and a world.  underground.  But so what?, aren¡¯t they just like the short-lived ones who died young and died young?  There is no way, who can let them have concubines in groups before their nipple hair has receded. This is also a disease of wealth that has always been deep-rooted and difficult to cure.  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????¡­  In the book "Rong Zhai Essays" written by Hong Mai of the Song Dynasty, there is an article "An Examination of the Life of the Emperor", which is specially used to study the life span of the emperor.  According to his records.  Before the Song Dynasty, only five emperors were elderly.  They are Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty Liu Che (69 years old) and Emperor Wu Sun Quan (70 years old).  Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty Xiao Yan (85 years old), Tang Gaozu Li Yuan (69 years old) and Tang Xuanzong Li Longji (77 years old).  In the eyes of the ancients, these five people have all lived to a relatively high age and can be regarded as the longevity stars among emperors.  Although the average life span of the ancient Chinese population was only thirty-five years old, it included a large number of people who died young.  If this factor is removed, the average life span of the ancient population can reach fifty-seven years, which is much higher than the average life span of emperors.  Why did the average life span of emperors who were at the pinnacle of power and enjoyed a luxurious life be so short?  First, the abnormal mortality rate among the emperors is high.  Among the more than 300 emperors since Qin Shihuang.  There were 147 people who died abnormally, and the abnormal mortality rate was 44%.  The safety factor of the "position" of the emperor is too low. There are always many people who covet the throne, and they always use violent means. It is not uncommon in history for those who become emperors to be beheaded, poisoned, or executed in claustrophobia.  Second, emperors were generally overworked.  In order to ensure their monopoly on power, they repeatedly worked hard to crush any threats and challenges to imperial power from others.  At the same time, they also had to bear a heavy "load".  Qin Shihuang stipulated that he must read one hundred and twenty kilograms of bamboo slips every day before he could rest.  On average, Zhu Yuanzhang read more than 200 memorials and handled more than 400 state affairs every day.  Emperor Yongzheng reigned for thirteen years and wrote more than 10 million words of Zhubu.  The load and pressure are far beyond what ordinary people can imagine and bear.  Third, the emperors indulged in excess.  The emperor's harem has "three thousand beauties and groups of wives and concubines."  The emperors had too much sexual intercourse, which consumed their energy and hurt their energy.  At the same time, there was jealousy among the harem.  It would also bring endless trouble to the emperor.  Ming Guangzong ascended the throne for only a month, because he was lucky enough to have a few women.  He died.  Fourth, there is great psychological pressure in the power field.  The struggle in the palace is very cruel, including both overt and covert struggles between the royal family and mutual suspicion between the monarch and his ministers.  The consequences of doing so will inevitably cause the emperor to develop suspicion, tension, jealousy, anxiety, irritability and other negative psychology.  Looking at the Twenty-Four Histories, nearly a quarter of the emperors¡¯ biographies record signs of personality abnormalities, psychological abnormalities or even schizophrenia. This is also the reason why ancient emperors had short lifespans.  Therefore, some historians jokingly said that from a certain perspective, the emperor was one of the most unfortunate "professions" in ancient China.  The fourth is a large-scale war.  Every time the uprising and dynasty changes in Chinese history were accompanied by bloody killings and massive population reductions, wars were still necessary even in ancient times.  The war between the Five Emperors and the surrounding tribes has never stopped.  The war between Zhuanxu and Gonggong is recorded in the "Tianwenxun" and "Bingluexun" of "Huainanzi", and the cause was "fighting to be the emperor".  The war between Gonggong and the Gao Xin clan can be found in "Huainan Ziyuan Taoism".  The war between Yao and Sanmiao, "Lu Shi Chunqiu Zhaolei": "Yao fought at Danshui Po to subdue the southern barbarians." The war between Shun and the "four evils", Shun's war against Sanmiao; Yu's war against Sanmiao,  Judging from "Mo Zi Fei's Conquest", the scale of this war was quite large.  During the Xia (2033-1562 BC) generation, power civil wars and peripheral wars continued ("Historical Records of Xia").  There was the "Ninth Generation Rebellion" in Shang Dynasty, which started with Zhongding. In the following five generations, nine kings fought for the throne, moved their capitals many times, and constantly fought against the surrounding tribes.  In the "Divination" of the Shang Dynasty, 61 wars of various kinds were recorded.  According to the statistics of inscriptions compiled in the "Explanation of the Yinxu Book Deeds" (revised edition), there were 26 expeditions against Kufang.  Judging from the amount of troops used by the Shang Empire, 3,000, 5,000 or even 30,000 people could be recruited at one time, and as many as 2,656 enemies could be killed at one time.  The scale of the war is not small.  "The Great Oath" records what King Wu of Zhou said: "Zhou has billions of Yi people." The so-called "billions of Yi people" are the captives obtained by Zhou in the war against the Yi people.  In the Battle of Muye, King Zhou suddenly armed 170,000 (some say 700,000) slaves, proving that King Wu's words were true.  After the Shang Dynasty was destroyed, King Wu of Zhou led 300 chariots and 5,000 tiger warriors. In three years, he destroyed 99 Fang states, conquered 652 Fang states, and captured 4.1 million prisoners of war. "Yi Zhou Shu Shi Jie No. 40".  After that, the Western Zhou Dynasty enfeoffed?A large number of vassal states.  In the Western Zhou Dynasty (1066-771 BC), internal strife continued and foreign invasions occurred frequently, such as the Wu Geng Rebellion.  Attack the Chu State in the south and conquer the Quanrong.  Three thousand years of written history have recorded 6,000 wars!  Accounting for about 1/3 of the total number of wars in the world.  As the saying goes, "There is no way to decentralize power and dominate the country. Totalitarianism has always led to war."  According to "Spring and Autumn" records, the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) lasted 242 years.  36 monarchs were killed, 52 vassal states were destroyed, and more than 480 major and minor wars broke out.  During the 250 years of the Warring States Period (476 BC to 221 BC), there were 222 large-scale wars There were ten thousand kingdoms in the world during the Yu period, 1,773 kingdoms in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, and 1,200 kingdoms in the Spring and Autumn Period. By the Warring States Period, only seven kingdoms were left.  The people of Qin are fond of war. They hold heads in their left hands and prisoners under their right arms to pursue their opponents.  Sima Qian recorded: Qin attacked Wei and killed 80,000 people, and the Five Kingdoms Allied Forces killed 82,000 people.  Attack Han and kill 10,000 people, attack Chu and kill 80,000 people, attack Han and kill 60,000 people, attack Chu and kill 20,000 people, attack Han and Wei and kill 240,000 people, attack Wei and kill 40,000 people, and attack Wei and kill 100,000 people.  , and attacked South Korea and killed 40,000 people.  In 262 BC, Baiqi attacked Zhao and killed 420,000 people, then attacked Han and killed 40,000 people, and then attacked Zhao and killed 90,000 people In 207 BC, Xiang Yu tricked Qin into surrendering 200,000 troops.  At the end of the Warring States Period, China had a population of 20 million, but its squadrons far exceeded those of Europe: Qin Shihuang used 500,000 troops to defend the Five Ridges.  It guarded 300,000 Xiongnu, built it into 500,000, and built the Epang Palace Qin Emperor's Mausoleum of 1.3 million people (of which more than 700,000 were tortured).  As a result, "Ding men were killed. Ding women were transferred to death, and their lives were miserable. They passed through the Tao tree, and the dead looked at each other" ("Han Shu, Yan'an Biography").  The thirty-sixth year of Qin Shihuang.  A meteor fell, and someone carved on the meteorite: "The land will be divided after the death of the First Emperor."  Qin Shihuang killed all the people living around the meteorite.  ??????????????Qin Shihuang's harem concubines, who did not have sons, were all buried.  After the funeral, the craftsmen who built the cemetery sealed all the more than 200,000 soldiers in the tombs and died; all the migrant workers who built the imperial tombs in the future met the same tragic end.  This is a historical record before Qin. After Qin, there were also many large-scale wars, which all led to the mass extinction of the population.  1. The Peasants¡¯ War at the end of Qin (209 BC to 195 BC): In 207 BC, Xiang Yu pitted 200,000 Qin troops against Qin. Later generations called him Farewell My Concubine. Those who regretted the end of the hero are still alive today. How many people are grateful for the Qin soldiers?  ?  At the end of the Qin Dynasty, there were more than 20 million people. By the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the population dropped to about 6 million. Only two to three thousand households were left in the original ten thousand households, wiping out 70% of the original population.  2. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty only respected Confucianism, reused cruel officials, launched unjust prisons, deprived the people of their property, punished and killed severely, resorted to military violence, and used troops everywhere (they fought for 30 years and recruited 2 million troops), which made the people miserable, and the people exchanged their children for food;  The country's population dropped by half.  Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was murderous by nature.  In the third year of Yuanguang (132 BC), the minister Guan Fu was beheaded by his entire family, and Dou Ying was beheaded in public and his entire clan was exterminated.  In the fifth year of Yuanguang (130 BC), Emperor Wu sent Lieutenant General Tang Meng to lead tens of thousands of people to build the Bashu Road. Many people died and many fled.  Tang Meng used the "Military Prosperity Method" to kill soldiers.  At that time, the sorceress Chu Fu and others used the art of witchcraft to teach Queen Chen to curse Wei Zihu to regain her favor.  Unexpectedly, a few months passed and it was not effective.  When the incident was revealed, Empress Chen had her seal taken back, her title revoked, and she was imprisoned in Changmen Palace for life.  Emperor Wu also sent the ruthless officer Zhang Tang to thoroughly investigate and deal with the case. Chu Fu was beheaded in public display, and more than 300 people involved, including Chu Fu's disciples, palace maids, and eunuchs, were also executed.  As a result, Emperor Wu promoted Zhang Tang to Taizhong doctor, and asked Zhang Tang and Zhao Yu to jointly enact many strict laws, especially the "knowledge law" that encouraged whistle-blowing, so that officials had to spy on each other and expose each other, and the court  Up and down, false accusations became commonplace.  In the second year of Yuanshuo (127 BC), the famous knight Guo Xie was beheaded and his clan was exterminated.  Emperor Wu sent his father Yan to serve as the Prime Minister of Qi, responsible for interrogating King Qi Li Liu Cichang. King Qi Li was afraid and committed suicide by taking poison, and the Yan Kingdom was also destroyed.  King Liu Pengzu of Zhao wrote to Emperor Wu to express his accusations. Under the pressure of the vassal states, Emperor Wu killed his father Yan and exterminated his clan.  Emperor Wu recruited 100,000 civilians to build Shuofang City and the fortress, and the treasury was exhausted.  In the third year of Yuanshuo (126 BC), Emperor Wu appointed Zhang Tang, a cruel official, as a court captain. He enforced the law entirely based on Emperor Wu's likes and dislikes, resulting in many unjust cases.  Prince Liu Ju was kind and generous and vindicated many unjust cases, which naturally aroused the displeasure of the cruel officials.  Therefore, the ministers who advocate generosity mostly support the prince, while the cruel officials slander him. Moreover, because the cruel officials often form cliques, there are more words to slander the prince than to praise him.  The prince¡¯s mother, Empress Wei, had always been cautious and law-abiding, and was worried that the prince¡¯s handling of matters would be too lax and cause dissatisfaction with Emperor Wu and the courtiers.  Let the prince handle things in compliance with Emperor Wu's intentions.  After Emperor Wu learned about it, he made it clear that what the prince did was in compliance with the law.  He even criticized the Queen.  3 "The Biography of Wang Mang in the Han Dynasty" records that "there has been a long drought for many yearspeople eat each other seventy-eight out of ten people died from hunger"; "Huiji DaThe epidemic killed tens of thousands. "In 2 AD, the country's population was 59.59 million. After the melee in the late Western Han Dynasty, by the second year of Guangwu Zhongyuan (AD 57), the population was 21 million. China's population decreased by 38.59 million. The loss rate was 65%. In 20 years,  The population of Anxi dropped from 680,000 to 280,000, Dali dropped from 910,000 to 140,000, Xingping County dropped from 830,000 to 90,000, Suiyuan County dropped from 690,000 to 20,000 4. Indiscriminate killings in the late Eastern Han Dynasty  During the melee with the Three Kingdoms, Liang Ji, a relative of Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty, was appointed as Yin of Henan. He killed Lu Fang, the commander of Luoyang, and then blamed Lu Fang's enemies and killed more than a hundred of his clan guests. The doctor Yuan wrote a letter of admonishment and was killed, and his friend Hu Wu and others were killed.  Recommended domestic scholars not to visit Liang Ji, Liang killed more than 60 members of Hu Wu's family. Liang Ji borrowed 50 million from Sun Fen in order to possess the wealth of the rich man Sun Fen, but Sun only gave him 30 million. Liang then falsely accused Sun Fen, and Sun was arrested.  , died in prison, Liang Ji confiscated Sun's 70 million family property. Liang Ji controlled the government for more than ten years, "big Qidishe" and "widely opened the garden". Liang Ji annexed Fufeng's 100 million yuan in one sentence.  The rich man captured thousands of peasant children as slaves with just one order, and robbed thousands of good girls for his sexual pleasure, and forcibly enclosed dozens of miles of farmland around Luoyang as a "rabbit garden."  It was closed as a hunting garden for the Liang family; a businessman accidentally killed a rabbit in the garden and killed more than ten people. When he was traveling in a car, there were groups of prostitutes and concubines.  After riding in the car, bells were rang and pipes were played, and songs were played on the road. Liang Ji's family property was worth 300,000 yuan, which accounted for half of the national tax. Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty lived for three years (157 years). There were more than 10.67 million households in China and more than 56.48 million people.  "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" records that "four to five people died of starvation in Yuzhou, and some even had their families wiped out." After the Yellow Turban Uprising and melee, the population of the country after the Chibi War in 208 AD was 1.4 million. Cao Cao said that only the original people survived.  1% of the population! "There are heads hanging in front of horses and women behind carts", "white bones are exposed in the wild, there are no roosters crowing for thousands of miles, and there are more than a hundred people alive." The battle of Chibi caused Cao's army to suffer even more losses.  Tens of thousands. In 221 AD, the population dropped to 900,000; a loss of 983%. In 265 AD, the total population of the three kingdoms was only 7.67 million. In the first year of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty (280), the three kingdoms were reunited, and the population of China was only over 16.16 million.  Where have the people gone? First, the princes are fighting endlessly and annexing each other, and finally the three families of Wei, Shu and Wu are standing together. How can others sleep peacefully beside the couch of the strong? The weak would rather be a chicken's mouth than a cow's queen.  All of them had to be solved by force. Most of the people who were killed were ordinary people. Dong Zhuo sent troops to Yangcheng where the people were attending the meeting. They beheaded all the men who were attending the meeting, and drove the cars and cattle of the deceased to rob the women and their belongings.  Loaded into the car, hung the severed heads on the shaft of the car, shouted long live slogans and drove back to Luoyang, saying that they were trophies obtained from the thieves, and then burned the heads, and the women who were snatched were assigned to the soldiers as maids.  Concubine. According to the biography of Dong Zhuo in "Three Kingdoms": In 192 AD, Dong Zhuo's generals Li Jun and Guo Si captured Chang'an. "At that time, there were hundreds of thousands of households in Sanfu, and Jun and others sent troops to rob The people were hungry and poor for two years."  Let¡¯s finish the food together.¡±  In two years, hundreds of thousands of households were left desolate.  After Emperor Liu Xie escaped from Chang'an, his residence was made of thorns, and many maids starved to death on the way.  When the officials accompanying them went out to collect firewood, they often fell dead on the roadside.  Yuan Shu's army was in Jianghuai and had to eat clams to satisfy their hunger.  The people eat each other, and the state is depressed.  Cao Cao once killed tens of thousands of men and women in Sishui Pit, and the corpses blocked the river.  His attack on Xuzhou was blocked by Tao Qian's army and he could not advance, so he went south and captured several counties, killing tens of thousands of residents there, until "the Jianghuai River was completely empty, and the people were eating each other."  When Cao Cao attacked Bingzhou and Qingzhou, he massacred every city he encountered strong resistance.  Cao Jun rescued Liu Bei and attacked Lu Bu. He first captured Pengcheng and killed all the defenders and civilians in Pengcheng.  In the Battle of Guandu, Cao Cao's side beheaded more than 70,000 soldiers and encircled and killed 80,000 Yuan's soldiers.  At that time, it was often necessary to fight hand to hand; if you killed three thousand people, you would definitely injure yourself eight hundred; the casualties of Cao's army were also conceivable.  ¡°More people died of hunger or disease; when hungry, people ate people.  Famine and war increase the chance of illness.  And it often spreads over a large area.  An important reason for Cao Cao's defeat in Chibi was that many soldiers contracted diseases; in 217 AD, the 22nd year of Jian'an, there was a pandemic in the north.  Countless people died; many middle- and upper-class people with relatively good living conditions died of illness at a young age.  The result is that "today's Wei Dynasty has ten states. However, due to the disadvantages of mourning and chaos, their household registration is not as good as the people of one state in the past."  At that time, in the heart of China, less than 10% of the residents were left.  "Three Kingdoms Wei Shu Zhang Xiu Zhuan" estimates that "the number of household registrations in the world has decreased, and only one out of ten talents has existed".  "Three Kingdoms Wu Shu Zhu Zhi Zhuan" describes the situation at that time as "China was in depression, or there was no smoke in a hundred miles, the cities were empty, and the roads were facing each other."  The fields of Soochow include:??A vast area from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to the Pearl River Basin.  When it was unified, there were only 2.3 million people.  The three families of Wei, Shu and Wu only had a total of 1.47 million households and more than 7.67 million people. But to support three emperors, one million troops, and three bureaucratic machines, how heavy the people's burden and pain must be.  During the Taikang period after the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty, there were more than 2.4 million households and more than 16 million people.  The five-baht metal currency was abandoned, and cloth replaced metal as a means of transaction.  It should be noted that.  This kind of economic decline lasted from the end of the Han Dynasty (early 3rd century AD) to the Tianbao period in the middle of Tang Dynasty (early 8th century AD), and it took 500 years to recover.  The population returned to the level of the Han Dynasty, and metal currency replaced cloth.  This situation cannot be explained by war.  The Warring States Period was the period with the most wars.  But the Warring States Period was the period of China's fastest economic development.  To put it simply, in Qin and Han society, land annexation was serious, farmers went bankrupt and went into exile, and became slaves.  The Han Dynasty was the era with the largest number of slaves in Chinese history, which led to the decline of agriculture.  5. After the Eight Kings Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty, the population decreased by 80%.  By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.  The Xiongnu declined and split into two.  The Northern Huns moved westward, and the Southern Huns entered the fortress and surrendered to the Han.  Huo Qubing once claimed that "the Huns are not destroyed, so why should we take care of our family?"  According to Huo Sheng's philosophy, this should be regarded as the "annihilation" of the Xiongnu.  But what is the result?  The Xiongnu and other tribes who moved inland were placed in the interior and lived among the locals. The Han people always classified them as "inferior people".  Oppression, slavery, discrimination, and trafficking, all these sufferings fell on the inward-migrating Hu people, but the descendants of Huo Qubing's class lived a luxurious and luxurious life.  Starting from 291 AD, eight kings, Wang Liang of Runan, Wang Wei of Chu, Wang Lun of Zhao, King of Qi, King of Changsha, King of Hejian, Wang Yue of Donghai and Wang Ying of Chengdu, fought for the throne and attacked each other in Luoyang. The war lasted for 16 years.  Over the years, many towns were burned down, which was known as the "Eight Kings Rebellion" in history.  This catastrophe greatly damaged the vitality of the Jin Dynasty and devastated all living beings.  The capital Luoyang and Guanzhong were the main battlefields, and suffered particularly heavy losses.  In the battle to destroy Zhao Wanglun alone, "nearly 100,000 people died in the battle after more than 60 days of fighting"!  During the melee between the kings, the barbarians were attracted to join the battle, and the Western Jin Dynasty was finally destroyed.  At the same time, a rare locust plague and plague broke out in the Guandong region. History records: "As for Yongjia, the mourning and chaos became even more severe. To the east of Yongzhou, there were many people who were hungry and hungry. They even sold each other and moved around, countless people.  The locusts in Bing, Si, Ji, Qin, and Yong prefectures have wiped out all the grass, trees, cattle, and horse hair. There have also been severe epidemics, coupled with famine, rivers are full of corpses, and the fields are covered with bones." ("Jin Shu Shi Huo Zhi").  In 301 AD, Li Te, a tyrant of the Di ethnic group in western Shu, gathered more than 20,000 refugees and called himself the General of Zhenbei. He rebelled in Mianzhu (now Huangxu Town, Deyang City), captured Guanghan, surrounded Chengdu, and entered the city to massacre.  After Li Te died in battle, his son Li Xiong became the king of Chengdu and later the emperor. He committed all kinds of evil and spread chaos for 50 years.  In the fifth year of Yongjia (311), "there was famine in Guanxi, bones covered the fields, and only one or two people survived" ("Zi Zhi Tong Jian").  "Jin Book Volume 37 Biography of Sima Mo": "There was a famine in Guanzhong, and the people were eating each other; coupled with the epidemic, thieves were running wild, and Mo was unable to control it." In August of the fourth year of Jianxing of Emperor Min of Jin Dynasty (316 years), Liu Yao advanced to Chang'an.  .  Sima Bao, the son of Sima Mo, sent Hu Song troops to help and attacked Liu Yao at Lingtai (west of Chang'an).  "Song feared that the country's power would revive, and Qu Suo (Qu Yun and Suo Lin guarded Chang'an) was so powerful that he commanded soldiers from the counties west of the city to garrison Weibei and not advance, so he returned to Huaili (Xingping, west of Chang'an). Yao captured the outer city of Chang'an.  , Qu Yun and Suo Lin retreated to the small town to consolidate themselves. The inside and outside were cut off, and there was a lot of hunger in the city. People were eating each other, and most of the dead were unable to escape. Only thousands of people from Liangzhou stayed alive.  There were dozens of cakes made of koji in Taicang, and Qu allowed the scraps to be made into porridge for the emperor." ("Zi Zhi Tong Jian").  6. Civil strife in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and melee between the Southern and Northern Dynasties.  "Book of Jin Liu Cong's Records" states that in April of the fifth year of Yongjia, Shi Le killed "more than 100,000 princes, officials, and common people"; in June of the same year, Wang Mi sent troops to burn and kill Luoyang, "killing more than 100,000 people from princes to officials"!  Shi Le led his light cavalry to kill 200,000 Jin troops in Ningping City at one time.  The minority soldiers then defeated the Jin army 12 times in a row, and the Jin army died another 30,000 people, and Luoyang fell; in 320, Shi Hu defeated the former Zhao Liu Yao and "trapped 16,000 soldiers."  In 321, Shi Le "trapped" 30,000 soldiers from the Cao Yi tribe of the Jin army.  In the east of today's Dancheng County, Henan Province, Shi Le surrounded more than 100,000 officials and soldiers who fled the Western Jin Dynasty, and shot them all, leaving mountains of dead bodies.  Jie Zhao Shile clearly stipulates that Jie people have the right to rob any Han people; at the same time, Han people are prohibited from calling nomads barbarians, and violators will be severely punished.  Once, a drunken horseman broke into the palace gate.  Then he sped away. When Shi Le saw him, he was furious and asked the guard why he didn't stop him. The guard was frightened and forgot Shi Le's prohibition. To be honest, he was a drunk man.As the saying goes, barbarians who drink wine are difficult to deal with.  How could I stop him.  After saying this, he suddenly remembered Shi Le's prohibition and was so frightened that he knelt down and begged for mercy. Shi Le instead smiled and said: It is difficult for barbarians to speak.  Exoneration.  Fan Tan, a famous scholar, was appointed as a local official by Shi Le.  Once when he went back to Jingjin to see Shi Le, he was robbed of everything by the Chinese on the way.  When Shi Le saw him in ragged clothes and in a state of disarray, he was surprised and asked how it could be like this.  Fan Tan replied: Jie thieves have no moral principles.  They robbed me of all my belongings. I borrowed these clothes from someone in an emergency.  Shi Le smiled and said: Jie thieves are indeed robbing and doing things indiscriminately.  Let's do this, I'll compensate you for them.  Fan Tan then remembered Shi Le¡¯s ban.  Frightened, he knelt down and prayed for forgiveness, but Shi Le was spared.  The territory of the Hou Zhao Empire was very small, but Emperor Shi Le had five queens and more than 10,000 concubines.  After his death, his son had sex with the mothers of the five queens day and night, but was killed by Shihu, wiping out the royal family.  Whenever Shi Hu captured a city or fortress guarded by the Han people, he would kill all the people inside.  He opened up the world's largest hunting paddock south of the capital Yecheng. No one is allowed to throw a stone at a wild beast, otherwise he will be "violating the beast" and will be punished by death.  Officials then used "criminal crime" as a tool of blackmail. If a person was accused of committing an animal crime, he would be dead or bankrupt.  Shi Hu built thousands of hunting chariots, with shafts three feet long and eight feet high. He also built forty beast chariots, allowing the prisoners to fight with ferocious beasts in the chariots.  An official reported that a tiger carved from stone in Jinan walked to the southeast of the city, followed by a pack of more than a thousand wolves, and its footprints were deeply embedded in the stone.  Shi Hu was delighted: "Shi Hu is my name. I moved from the northwest to the southeast, and it seems that God has blessed me to conquer the world." So Shi Hu declared that he would attack the Jin Empire and ordered a conscription. If there were three men in the family, two of them would be recruited.  There are more than 500,000 craftsmen making armor and 170,000 craftsmen making ships.  2/3 of these craftsmen were drowned during the recruitment process or were devoured by wild beasts that appeared due to the desolation of the fields.  Soldiers worked harder than craftsmen. Not only did the Later Zhao government not provide food, but every five soldiers had to donate one bullock cart, two cows, 15 buckets of rice, and ten pieces of silk. Those who disobeyed the order were beheaded, and those who paid insufficient were also beheaded.  The people sold their sons and daughters to worship the stone tiger. When all their children were sold or no one could afford them anymore, the most peaceful and kind-hearted Chinese peasants in the world hanged themselves to death. The big trees on both sides of the road from Luoyang to Chang'an  The top is covered with corpses, connected from front to back.  In order to collect gold and silk, Shi Hu excavated the tombs of previous emperors.  They also sent 160,000 men and women and 100,000 vehicles from nearby counties to transport soil to the north corner of Yecheng to build Hualin Garden. The walls of Hualin Garden were dozens of miles long.  It was so cold that nearly ten thousand servants froze to death on the road.  Stone Tiger plundered more than 30,000 beautiful Han women aged 13 to 20 in the Central Plains to enrich his harem. In 345 AD alone, more than 3,000 unwilling women were killed for recruiting beautiful women.  The other Jie clan nobles each captured nearly 10,000 beauties, including married women and common people¡¯s wives.  When the beauty was delivered to Yecheng, Shihulong was very happy, and all the local chiefs who had outstanding achievements were promoted to marquis.  When his tyranny caused a mass exodus of the people, Shi Hu blamed the newly promoted local leaders for not appeasing the people and beheaded them all.  In order to accommodate the beauties, Shi Hu built palaces in Yecheng, Chang'an and Luoyang respectively, using 400,000 manpower.  348 years.  Shi Xuan was afraid that his younger brother Shi Tao would usurp the throne with him, so he first sent people to assassinate Shi Tao and his followers.  Then plot to kill dad and take over in advance.  After the incident was defeated, Shi Hu immediately tied Shi Xuan off the stage.  Shi Xuan cut off his tongue, gouged out his eyes, cut out his intestines, severed his hands and feet, and finally burned him alive.  29 of Shi Xuan¡¯s wives, concubines, and children were killed together.  All Shi Xuan's wives, concubines, and children were beheaded. Shi Xuan's youngest son grabbed Shi Hu's clothes and screamed and cried. Shi Hu gritted his teeth and threw him out, killing him.  All 300 officials and 50 eunuchs in the East Palace were dismembered and used as a place to raise pigs. All the more than 100,000 guards in the East Palace were exiled to Liangzhou, 1,200 kilometers away.  When they discussed the establishment of a prince again, Shi Hu, who was afraid of being killed by the two princes, said something that was heartbreaking: "I want to cleanse myself with three dendrobiums of pure ash. How can I be a son who is dedicated to giving birth to an evil son, and when he is over 20 years old, he always wants to kill his father?"  !¡± So ??he chose the youngest ¡°Red Soldier¡± Shi Shi, ¡°I am only ten years old in this life, and I am already older than him who is twenty.¡±  The old king, who was so frightened by the murder of the two princes, did not care whether the little prince could hold on to the Shi family in the future. He only wanted one bottom line: when I am alive, he will not have the idea of ??killing me!  The year after the successor was selected, in 394, Shi Hu hurriedly proclaimed himself emperor and left.  "It's safe to wait until the old emperor is buried."  Shi Hu's sons started fighting for the throne. What applies here is the so-called law of the jungle, the weak and the strong.  The young Tian Tian who has been on the throne for 33 daysShi Shi and his mother, Queen Mother Liu, became sacrifices for his brother Shi Zun's ascension to the throne; then, Shi Zun was killed by his younger brother Shi Jian after he reigned for 83 days.  After Shi Chong failed in his bid for the throne, he "trapped more than 30,000 of his soldiers."  103 days after Shi Jian ascended to the throne, he was killed by Shi Hu's adopted grandson Ran Min. Ran Min killed the entire royal family.  Order: "Anyone who kills a barbarian will be promoted to the third level." In an instant.  The capital Yecheng alone massacred 200,000 Hu people, resulting in millions of deaths.  Ran Min established the Ran Wei Empire in Yecheng in 350.  352 years.  The former Yan Empire and the Ran Wei Empire in the northeast had a decisive battle in Liantai Village (Wuji, Hebei Province), and Ran Min was captured on horseback.  The former Yan Empire beheaded Ran Min after being whipped three hundred times. The former Yan Empire besieged Yecheng. The tens of thousands of palace maids who were collected by Shi Hu in every possible way either starved to death or were cooked by the soldiers.  "The entry of five barbarians into China" caused huge wars in the Central Plains. Luoyang was burned down, the Central Plains was fertile with blood, ten houses were empty, and the population dropped sharply.  According to historical records, about 60 to 70% of the Han people in Zhongzhou fled to Jiangnan.  Since then, a steady stream of nomads from the grasslands, especially the Xianbei people, have filled the empty Central Plains and desolate Luoyang.  The Xianbei people of the Northern Wei Dynasty even publicly declared that the lives of Han people were only worth a penny.  "Compendium of General History of China" says: "According to Jiang Tong's "Lun on Migration to the Rong", Guanzhong has a population of more than one million, of which the Diqiang and Xianbei ethnic groups account for about half." When Emperor Wei Xiaowen moved the capital from Pingcheng to Luoyang, he moved to Xianbei  There are no less than 1 million people.  In order to stabilize the rule, Xianbei encouraged intermarriage between Xian and Han.  After more than 260 years of ethnic hybridization in the Sixteen Kingdoms and the entire Northern Dynasties, Northern China has actually become a mixed ethnic area with approximately equal numbers of nomadic people and Han people, with the Xianbei people being the largest in number and influence.  At the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Er Zhurong wanted to proclaim himself emperor, but he was afraid that the old Northern Wei officials would not submit. Someone advised him to exterminate them all. He smiled and agreed. So he asked Zhuang Dan to go west to Heyin, guide all the officials to the northwest of the palace, and tell everyone that  If you want to worship heaven, you cannot ask for leave.  After all the officials gathered, Er Zhurong picked up a high platform and looked around. He immediately stood up and shouted loudly: "The world is in chaos and the Suzong collapsed because of your inability to assist Bi. Moreover, the court officials are corrupt and should all be killed!"  After that, he sent troops to kill them.  The number of court officials who died was extremely large. According to the records of "Northern History" and "Book of Wei", there were more than 1,300 people, and "Zizhi Tongjian" recorded more than 2,000, ranging from the prime ministers Gaoyang Wang Yuanyong, Sikong Yuanqin, and Yiyang Wang Yuanlue.  Down to the brothers Wang Zunye and Wang Zunye, who were mourning at home, they all killed them all with swords and axes, regardless of good or evil.  Er Zhurong also asked the sergeants to shout: "The Yuan family is destroyed, and the Er Zhu family will rise!" The Qi State in the Northern Dynasties had a population of 20 million, and by the time of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the population was only 9 million; the Song State in the Southern Dynasty had a population of 4.69 million, and by the time of the fall of the Southern Chen State, there were only  2 million people, a loss rate of 60%. In subsequent dynasties, the same thing repeated itself. Therefore, the inexorable war was the most important reason for the massive loss of the population. It was also for this reason that the life span of the ancients was so short.  (To be continued) ps: Note: Thank you Xie Zhixiu for your big reward support, thank you!  
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