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Volume 4 The Dragon Heads Up Chapter 26 Technical Support

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    "Let me explain these FACTS!" Fu Xin saw that the two big guys were confused when applying, and he immediately knew what they were going to ask, because he just said a very unfamiliar term.  "FACTS is Flexible Current Transmission System. The English expression of FACTS is: Flexible_Alternative_Current_Transmission_Systems, which is a new technology for flexible and rapid control of AC power transmission formed by integrating power electronics technology, microprocessing and microelectronics technology, communication technology and control technology.  This technical concept was first proposed by Dr. N.G. Hingorani of the US Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) not long ago. The specific content is to apply high-power and high-performance power electronic components to make controllable active or reactive power supplies and primary equipment of the power grid.  etc., in order to achieve flexible control of the voltage, impedance, phase angle, power, power flow, etc. of the transmission system, turning the original basically uncontrollable power grid into fully controllable, thereby greatly improving the flexibility and stability of the power system, making the current  The transmission capacity of existing transmission lines has been greatly improved. FACTS technology, that is, technical system application technology and its controller technology, has been identified as "one of the three supporting technologies in the new era of future transmission systems" by some authoritative power workers at home and abroad.  . These three supporting technologies refer to: flexible transmission technology, advanced control center technology and integrated automation technology. The flexible current transmission system can enhance the stability of the AC power grid and reduce the cost of power transmission.  Series compensation (SC) series compensation system improves the transmission capacity of the power transmission system by improving the stability of the power transmission system. Series compensation applications include fixed-rate series compensation and thyristor-controlled series compensation.  TCSC, thyristor protected series compensation TPSC. Static Var Compensator (SVC) is used in parallel with the transmission network to achieve dynamic induction or reactive power compensation. Its main function is to control the voltage on the transmission lines and system nodes.  Quality and reactive power. The innovative SVCPLUS is the most economical, space-saving and flexible reactive power compensation system based on multi-stage circulator technology (VSC), which can improve the reliability of the power transmission system.  performance and power quality. Mechanical switched capacitors (MSC/MSCDN) are an effective solution for controlling voltage and stabilizing the network under steady conditions. MSCDN, which includes a damping network function, is an upgraded solution for MSC that can prevent resonance phenomena in high-voltage systems.  The main technical characteristics of the flexible current transmission system are as follows: It can effectively control the power flow in a large range; the transmission capacity of the line can be increased to close to the thermal limit of the conductor, for example, the safe power transmission limit of a 500kV line.  It is 1000~2000MW, and the thermal limit of the line is 3000MW. After using FACTS technology, the transmission capacity can be increased by 50~100%. The capacity of the backup generator set can be reduced from the typical 18 to 15, or even less; the harm of power grid and equipment failure can be reduced.  It is restricted to prevent line cascade tripping to avoid the expansion of accidents; easy damping eliminates power system oscillation and improves the stability of the system.  " Gao Wenxin nodded and asked Fu Xin to continue. " Let's talk about advanced control technology.  Advanced control technology refers to devices and algorithms in smart grids that analyze, diagnose, and predict conditions and determine and take appropriate measures to eliminate, mitigate, and prevent power supply interruptions and power quality disturbances.  These technologies will provide control methods on the transmission, distribution and consumer side and can manage active and reactive power throughout the grid.  To some extent, advanced control technology closely relies on and serves the other four key technology areas, such as advanced control technology, parameter measurement technology for monitoring basic components, and advanced equipment technology for integrated communication technology that provides timely and appropriate responses.  , and advanced decision-making technology for rapid diagnosis of any event.  In addition, advanced control technology supports market quotation technology and improves asset management levels.  I speculate that in the future, the analysis and diagnosis functions of advanced control technology will introduce preset expert systems, and automatic control actions will be taken within the scope allowed by the expert systems.  The actions performed in this way will be performed at the second level, and this self-healing grid feature will greatly improve the reliability of the grid.  Of course, advanced control technology requires an integrated high-speed communication system and corresponding communication standards to handle large amounts of data.  Advanced control technology will support distributed intelligent agent software, analysis tools and other application software.  Advanced control technology has the following characteristics: First, collect data and monitor grid components.  Advanced control technology will use system and user parameters measured by smart sensors, smart electronic devices, and other analysis tools as well as the status of grid components to evaluate the status of the entire system. These data are quasi-real-time data and are essential for understanding the overall operation of the grid.  The situation is of great significance, and the vector measurement unit and global satellite positioning system must also be used.?? time signal to achieve early warning of the power grid.  Second, analyze the data.  Quasi-real-time data and powerful computer processing capabilities provide software analysis tools with the ability to rapidly expand and advance.  State estimation and emergency analysis will be completed at the second level instead of the minute level, giving advanced control technology and system operators enough time to respond to emergency problems; expert systems will transform data into information for quick decision-making; load forecasting will  Apply these near-real-time data, along with improved weather forecasting techniques, to accurately forecast loads; Probabilistic risk analysis will become routine to determine the level of risk to the grid during equipment maintenance periods, periods of high system stress, and undesired power outages;  Modeling and simulation enable operators to understand accurate possible grid scenarios.  Third, diagnose and solve problems.  The near real-time data processed by high-speed computers enables expert diagnostics to identify solutions to existing, developing and potential problems and submit them to system operators for judgment.  Fourth, perform automatic control actions.  Smart grids make it possible to perform automated control actions for problem detection and response through a combination of real-time communication systems and advanced analytics. It can also reduce the expansion of existing problems, prevent the occurrence of emergency problems, and modify system settings, status, and power flows to prevent  Anticipate problems before they occur.  Fifth, provide information and choices for operators.  Advanced control technology not only provides action signals to control devices, but also provides information to operating personnel.  The large amount of data collected by the control system is not only useful to itself, but also has great application value to the system operators, and these data assist the operators in making decisions.  ¡± ¡°The last thing is decision support technology.  "Fu Xin took a long breath, and then said like a barrage of firecrackers: "Decision support technology is to convert complex power system data into understandable information for system operators at a glance. Therefore, animation technology, dynamic coloring technology, virtual reality  technology and other data presentation techniques are used to help system operators recognize, analyze and deal with emergency problems.  In many cases, the time for system operators to make decisions is shortened from hours to minutes, or even seconds, so smart grids require a broad, seamless, real-time application system, tools and training to enable grid operators and  Managers can make decisions quickly.  Decision support technology needs to meet the following conditions: First, visualization.  Decision support technology needs to utilize a large amount of data and cut it into the most critical data formatted, time periods and classified by technology to power grid operators. Visualization technology can display these data into visual information that operators can quickly grasp.  format to facilitate analysis and decision-making by operators.  Second, decision support.  Decision support technology needs to identify existing, developing, and predicted problems, provide decision-support analysis, and present the various scenarios, multiple options, and the likelihood of success and failure of each option to the system operator.  Third, dispatcher training.  Utilize decision support technology tools and dynamic simulators of industry-certified software to improve the skills and proficiency of system dispatchers.  Fourth, user decision-making.  Demand response (DR) systems can provide users with information in an easy-to-understand way, allowing them to decide how and when to buy, store or produce electricity.  Fifth, improve operating efficiency.  When decision support technology is integrated with existing asset management processes, managers and users can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of grid operations, maintenance and planning.  "  " Comrade Fu Xin, do you know what kind of technical support is needed for the integration of three networks?  "After Fu Xin roughly explained the relevant knowledge about smart grids, Zhou Zhengming returned to the topic and asked aloud. Fu Xin nodded and replied: "I know a little bit, the integration of the three networks needs to include sampling value transmission S*  *Support for messages, object-oriented substation substation event GOOSE, IEEE1588 clock synchronization protocol and other technologies.  " "The transmission of sampled values ??is an important part of the serial communication between the process layer and bay layer of the substation automation system. The emergence of electronic current/voltage transformers makes the digital transmission of sampled values ??possible.  Generic Object-Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE - Generic_Object_Oriented_Substation_Event) is a mechanism used in the IEC61850 standard to meet the fast messaging requirements of substation automation systems.  ?Mainly used to realize information transmission between multiple IEDs, including transmitting tripping and closing signals, with a high transmission success probability.  Based on GOOSE network transmission, it replaces traditional hard wiring to realize reliable transmission of real-time information such as switch position, locking signal and trip command.  IEEE1588 (Precision_Time_Protocol) is a standard Ethernet terminal equipment.A protocol for time and frequency synchronization, referred to as 1588, also known as Precision Clock Synchronization Protocol PTP.  1588 is divided into two versions: 1588v1 and 1588v2. 1588v1 can only achieve sub-millisecond time synchronization accuracy, while 1588v2 can achieve sub-microsecond level synchronization accuracy.  1588v2 is defined as a time synchronization protocol. It was originally used for high-precision time synchronization between devices. With the development of technology, 1588v2 also has the function of frequency synchronization.  "(To be continued. Please search Piaotian Literature, the novel will be better and updated faster!)
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