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Volume 3: A blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 47: Coordinates in the history of Chinese science

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    One of the Demon Guardians - Shen Kuo

    Shen Kuo (1031-1095), a Chinese scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, was born in Qiantang County, Hangzhou (now Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province), with the courtesy name Cunzhong and the name Mengxi. He was naturalized in Wuxian County, Suzhou (now Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province) with his mother.  ¡èThis website URL: sp;¡è

    Shen Kuo was born into a family of officials. His father Shen Zhou and his grandfather were the prime ministers of Dali Temple. His grandfather Xu Zhongrong was the prince and his uncle Xu Dong was a Jinshi in the third year of Xianping (1000).

    ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????mbOUT of the family book collection at the age of fourteen.  I followed my father to many places and gained a lot of knowledge.

    When he was 18 years old, he came to Nanjing and became interested in medicine.  In the third year of Huangyou's reign (1051), Shen Zhou died. In the first year of Hehe (1054), Shen Kuo entered an official position under the influence of his father and served as the chief registrar of Shuyang County in Haizhou (now part of Jiangsu).

    He built canals and weirs and developed farmland, which was a great achievement.  In the sixth year of Jiayou's reign (1061), he served as the county magistrate of Ningguo, Anhui. He advocated and initiated the construction project of Wanchunwei in Wuhu area, and wrote "Five Comments on Polder" and "Illustrated Notes of Wanchunwei".

    In the eighth year of Jiayou's reign (1063), he became a Jinshi, served as Yangzhou manager and joined the army.

    In the third year of Zhiping (1066), he went to Beijing to edit the books of Zhaowen Hall.  During the Xining period, Song Shenzong Zhao Xu used Wang Anshi as his prime minister to carry out reforms, and Shen Kuo also actively participated.

    He successively served as the director of history management and review, the manager of Jixian Academy, the supervisor of promotion and promotion, the supervisor of military weapons, and the third official envoy.  During this period, he wrote the "Armillary Sphere Theory", "Fului Theory", "Jingbiao Yi", "City Building Procedure Treaty", and "Battle Formation Method".  He also went on many missions and inspected many places.

    In the eighth year of Xining, Shen Kuo, as a scholar of the Imperial Academy, went to Khitan as an envoy to negotiate the demarcation of the border, and returned with success.  During his mission, he recorded the dangerous mountains and rivers as well as the customs and people of the Liao Dynasty. He wrote the "Illustrations of Envoys to Prisoners" and submitted it to the imperial court.

    The tenth year of Xining (1077).  Shen Kuo was appointed magistrate of Xuanzhou (now Xuancheng, Anhui).  In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), he was appointed magistrate of Yanzhou (now Yan'an, Shaanxi).  In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082), he was falsely accused and demoted.

    In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), the Wutai Poetry Case broke out. According to Wang Zhi's notes in "Yuanyou Supplementary Records", Shen Kuo was a person related to the poetry case. However, the Southern Song Dynasty historian Li Tao once said in "Xu Zi Zhi Tong Jian Chang Bian"  If you doubt that the date of the record is inconsistent with the facts, you should examine it in detail.  )

    In the second year of Yuanyou (1087), he completed the map of counties and counties in the world that he had been ordered to compile in the ninth year of Xining.  Named "Shou Ling Tu".

    In the third year of Yuanyou, Shen Kuo moved to Runzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province) and managed the garden he had purchased before, named Mengxi Garden.  He lived in seclusion here and died eight years later.  During this period, he wrote "Mengxi Bi Tan", as well as the agricultural work "Mengxi Forgetting Records" (lost), the medical work "Good Prescriptions", etc.

    According to historical records, Shen Kuo's writings include 22 types and 155 volumes.  Much is gone now.  Only "Mengxi Bi Tan", "Continued Bi Tan" and "Supplementary Bi Tan" remain.  In addition, Shen Kuo's poems and essays were compiled into 41 volumes of "Changxing Collection" in the Southern Song Dynasty, and 19 volumes remain today.  As well as "Su Chen's Good Prescriptions" compiled by later generations.

    Zhu Yu recorded in "Pingzhou Ke Tan" that Shen Kuo had two wives before and after him, and the second one was the daughter of Zhang Shu who was transferred to Huainan.  Zhang was arrogant and fierce, and often abused Shen Kuo, tearing off his beard and leather, making his children cry.  He knelt down to beg Zhang to appease his anger; he also expelled his first wife's son and sued his father and son every year.  But after Zhang's death.  Shen Kuo was so depressed that when he was crossing the Yangtze River, he jumped into the water to find fault and died the next year.

    Shen Kuo has made important achievements and contributions in physics, mathematics, astronomy, earth science, biomedicine, etc., and has also made considerable achievements in chemistry, engineering technology, etc.

    For example: in mathematics, he created the gap product technique and the circle technique.

    In terms of physics, he discovered the existence of geomagnetic declination more than 400 years before Europe; expounded the principle of concave mirror imaging; and also studied resonance phenomena.

    In terms of geoscience, he understood the erosion effect of water from topography such as the Yandang Mountains; from the biological remains in the rocks of the Taihang Mountains, he deduced the process of the formation of impact plains.

    In addition, Shen Kuo has certain attainments in literature, music, art, history, etc.  His outstanding achievements are mainly concentrated in "Mengxi Bi Tan".

    Shen Kuo wrote in his book Mengxi Bi Tan: There is oil in the territory of Yan and Yan. It is quite similar to pure lacquer, but it is like hemp, but the smoke is very thick, and all the stains are black. This thing will become popular in the world in the future.  , since I started doing it.  It can be covered with as much oil as it can grow in the ground indefinitely, unlike pine trees which can be exhausted from time to time.  Shen Kuo discovered oil, and the current Chinese name for oil is named after Shen Kuo.

    "The Biography of Shen Kuo in the History of the Song Dynasty" said that he was erudite and good at writing. He was knowledgeable in astronomy, local chronicles, laws and calendars, music, medicine, and divination, and he wrote on them all.  British science historian Joseph Needham evaluated Shen Kuo as a coordinate in the history of Chinese science.

    On July 1, 1979, in memory of him, the Purple Mountain Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences named an asteroid 2027 discovered by the observatory in 1964 as Shen Kuo.

    "Mengxi Bi Tan" is a notebook-style work written by Shen Kuo.It is divided into 26 volumes, including 3 volumes of "Supplementary Tan" and 1 volume of "Continuation of Tan".  It was named because it was written in Mengxi Garden in Runzhou (now Zhenjiang). It was written approximately from 1086 to 1093. It contains what Shen Kuo saw, heard, and understood throughout his life.

    The existing "Mengxi Bi Tan" is divided into 17 categories, including stories, dialectics, music, imagery, personnel, government, power and wisdom, art, calligraphy and painting, skills, tools, magic, strange things, fallacies, ridicules, magazines, and medical discussions.  Article 609.

    The content involves subjects such as astronomy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geology, geography, meteorology, medicine, engineering technology, literature, history, art and music.

    The natural science part summarizes the scientific achievements of ancient China, especially the Northern Song Dynasty, and records in detail the contributions of working people in science and technology. It is an important document in the history of science and technology in China and an encyclopedic work.

    For example, in mathematics, he pioneered the art of gap product and round circle. In astronomy, he pointed out that the pole star is not at the celestial pole. He came to the conclusion that the winter solstice day is long and the summer solstice day is short, and he also made some improvements in astronomical instruments. He boldly innovated in the calendar and proposed the "Ten Days".  "Two Qi Calendar".

    In terms of geography, water erosion is used to explain the formation of strange landforms.

    In terms of physics, it records magnetic declination, concave mirror imaging experiments and sound resonance experiments; in terms of technology, such as Bi Sheng's invention of movable type printing; Gao Chao, a river engineer, on the method of closing a dragon's mouth; construction craftsman Yu Hao's "Wooden Sutra" and his architectural achievements;  Compass, copper smelting, chain steel, petroleum, etc.

    ?The word petroleum was first proposed in this book and is still used today.  British science historian Joseph Needham praised this book as a coordinate in the history of Chinese science.

    Regarding social and historical phenomena, such as the deeds of the rebel army Li Shun, the actual taxation situation, the northwest and northern military affairs in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the evolution of rituals and rituals, there are also relatively detailed records

    Evening Notes: Eat, drink, have fun, eat, drink, whore and gamble; eating, drinking, and drinking all come first. Modern people pay more attention to eating. They eat delicious food, exquisite food, special food, luxurious food eat all over the world.

    And drink drink water, drink tea, drink juice, drink coffee, drink only the wine will be ruined if it is not tasted!  Wine has an aphrodisiac effect, and drinking too much or being too passionate is not good.

    ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Excellent at playing with words.  Happy to miss Shu.

    The word "whoring" is intriguing. On the left is Yang Guifei, and on the right is Zhao Feiyan. Today is Lin Daiyu, tomorrow is Wang Zhaojun, and the day after tomorrow is Xi Shi. The word "É«" has a knife on the head, and the knife is very sharp.  None of the above is a problem.

    Bet on the sky, bet on fate, bet on luck, bet on luck, bet on who is cheating, bet not willingly, willing to bet but unable to admit defeat, bet with true pride, bet with style!  This bet is a gamble of success, a bet on life, a bet on ability, a bet on wisdom. In the end, there are only two words for defeat, as the little brother of the King of Hell said

    well!  I'm bored, I lost another 000 million, my dream of traveling around the world was shattered again, I burst into tears, I went home, is there any use in repenting?  surrender!  The protagonist of the fourth part of "The Uncensored" is about to make a shocking debut, so don't look forward to it!  Flowers!

    When you get into a gambling game, it¡¯s easy to be impulsive, and you can¡¯t be woken up at that time because you are already in the middle of the game, laugh out loud!

    Demonic Lotus in the Fire: If you gamble frequently, you are prone to mental problems.

    Snow Fairy: When you enter a gambling game, you are impulsive, and your brain is irrational. When you are in the game, you will wake up when you are out of the game, but it is too late and regret is useless. You should be optimistic. The dream of traveling around the world is always  It will come true.  Flowers!  Don¡¯t forget to come to Northeast China to see the ice lanterns!  Snickering!

    Long Yinyue replied to the Snow Fairy: It¡¯s too cold.

    Shui Tongzi: All floating clouds are just floating clouds.

    Long Yinyue replied to Shui Tongzi: According to psychology, people who say floating clouds represent the weak, incompetent, and moneyless. I saw it in a magazine today.  Ha ha!  I hope you are not!

    Shui Tongzi replied with tears to Long Yinyue: You guessed it right.
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