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Volume 3: A blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 40: Lishan Mausoleum

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    After Qin Shihuang unified the world, he believed that the palace he currently lived in was small and unsuitable for his status as emperor. Moreover, Xianyang, located on the north bank of the Weishui River, was densely populated and the expansion of the palace was restricted.  />

    After learning that the two cities of Feng and Hao, where King Wen and King Wu of Zhou built their capitals respectively, were located on the south bank of the Wei River, they believed that this place was the so-called capital of the emperors, so they planned to build a palace in Shanglin Garden on the south bank of the Wei River. First of all,  The front hall was built and called Afang. This is where the name of Afang Palace comes from.

    However, the above is just one of the theories about the origin of the name of Afang Palace. When Yan Shigu of the Tang Dynasty wrote annotations for the Han Dynasty, he referred to Afang as referring to the four palaces, all of which were called rooms.  Another theory is that Epang Palace is located on a high hill, with a large mausoleum, which is also the origin of the name of Epang Palace.

    In addition, A has the meaning of near, and the room is connected with the side. Afang means near. Because the palace is close to Xianyang, it is called Afang Palace.

    Others point out that the word "Afang" is the name of Qin Shihuang's favorite concubine.  However, Sima Qian recorded in "Historical Records of Qin Shihuang" that Qin Shihuang was not satisfied with the name at that time and planned to change it to a better name after the construction of Afang Palace was completed. However, this failed and the name Afang Palace has been used ever since.

    As for the time when the construction of Afang Palace began, "Historical Records" has two different records.  "Historical Records of the Six Kingdoms" records that the construction of Afang Palace began in the 28th year of Qin Shihuang (219 BC), but the "Historical Records of Qin Shihuang" in the same book records it as the 35th year of Qin Shihuang (212 BC)  , most people regard the latter as the time when the Epang Palace was first built. A more reasonable explanation is that the 28th year of Qin Shihuang was the time when Ying Zheng wanted to build a new palace. During this period, it took several years to brew and plan, and by the 30th year of Qin Shihuang  It took five years before construction was ordered to begin.

    The construction scale of Epang Palace is quite grand.  Although Afang Palace is actually just one part of the Weinan Palace (i.e. the front hall), according to "Historical Records", its area reaches five hundred steps (693 meters) from east to west, fifty feet (116.5 meters) from north to south, and several meters high.  Ten Ren (approximately 11.65 meters), it can seat tens of thousands of people on top, and it can be built as a five-foot flag below. Carts and horses are needed to transport wine and food inside; there are overpasses around it for walking, and there is a direct connection from under the palace.  to Nanshan.

    A gate was built on the top of Nanshan Mountain as a symbol.  In addition, overpasses were also built.  It crosses the Weishui River from Afang and connects with Xianyang, symbolizing the North Star and Gedao Star in the sky, crossing the Milky Way and arriving at Yingshi Star.

    According to "Sanfu Old Stories", the palace gate of Afang Palace is made of magnets, also known as Quehu Gate.  If there is a weapon hidden when the barbarians are worshiping, it will definitely be discovered.

    In order to complete such a grand project, Qin Shihuang ordered the recruitment of more than 700,000 hidden officials and prisoners, quarried rocks from the mountains of Weibei, transported wood from Shu and Jing, and built Lishan Mausoleum and Afang Palace respectively. For this purpose, 30,000 people were relocated  Arrive at Liyi.  Fifty thousand families who came to Yunyang (now northwest of Chunhua County, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province) were exempted from taxes and corvee for ten years.  Two years later, Qin Shihuang died of illness during his eastern tour and was buried in Lishan Mountain in September.

    Because of the need to cover Lishan Mountain.  Then the laborers on the construction site of Afang Palace were transferred to Lishan Mausoleum.  Afang Palace was rebuilt in April of the next year, but in the winter of that year (209 BC), hundreds of thousands of rebels arrived and the construction team was forced to stop.  Excluding the 7-month suspension due to the earth-covering of Lishan Mountain.  The construction took a total of 2 years and 7 months.

    However, the Epang Palace Archaeological Team jointly formed by the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Xi'an Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archeology.  Archaeological work on the Epang Palace ruins found that the Epang Palace was never built, only the foundation was completed. After Xiang Yu entered Guanzhong, he burned the Qin Xianyang Palace on the north bank of the Weishui River, not the Epang Palace (located on the north bank of the Wei River) as generally believed.  South Bank of the Wei River), when archaeologists excavated the ruins of the original Xianyang Palace, they found a large amount of ashes and red scorched earth, proving that Xiang Yu had indeed set fire to the Xianyang Palace.

    Another grand project of Qin Shihuang was to spend more than thirty years building his own mausoleum, which was later called the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang (also known as the Lishan Mausoleum). Together with large-scale projects such as Afang Palace, a total of nearly 700,000 people were mobilized to build the mausoleum.  It is more than 50 feet high and travels five miles around to transport stones from the mountains on the north bank of the Weishui River.

    Because the Lishan area is rich in gold, and Lantian in the south is famous for its jade, it was regarded by Qin Shihuang as a geomantic treasure, and he designated this place as his final resting place.

    Since the Qin Dynasty, people have recognized the uniqueness of the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin. In his book "Doctrine", Cai Yong of the Eastern Han Dynasty pointed out that there was no custom of worshiping tombs in ancient times because people at that time believed that the soul of a person still remains after death.  It exists in the universe forever, so the body after the soul is separated is not regarded as an object of worship.  Worshiping of the deceased was held in the ancestral temple. It was not until Qin Shihuang separated his sleeping chamber from the ancestral temple and placed it next to the mausoleum that the world had the custom of worshiping outside the mausoleum.  The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, and also placed sleeping halls next to the mausoleums, and prepared various facilities to make the deceased's life comfortable.

    According to the "Historical Records of Qin Shihuang", since Qin Shihuang Yingzheng ascended the throne as king, he has begun to build a mausoleum in Lishan to unify the world.After that, he recruited criminals from all over the world to build an imperial mausoleum for him.  Three springs were drilled through, and the outer coffin (coffin) was made of copper. The interior of the tomb was designed like a palace, showing the appearance of hundreds of officials in their seats. As for the exquisite utensils and rare birds and animals, they were also moved from the palace to the tomb chamber.  Candles made of mermaid fat are lit in the tomb chamber, praying that they will remain bright forever.

    In order to prevent tomb robbers from entering, Qin Shihuang ordered craftsmen to install crossbows in the tomb that could be fired automatically, and used mercury to simulate the world's rivers and seas, and used mechanisms to make them flow, just like the real world.

    It is inferred that due to the volatile nature of mercury, if mercury is injected into the tomb, the diffuse mercury vapor will not only keep the buried corpses and funerary objects from decaying for a long time, but also the mercury vapor is highly toxic and can cause death if inhaled in large amounts. Therefore, the underground palace is  The mercury in it can also poison tomb robbers.

    In addition, the "Historical Records of Qin Shihuang" also records that the second emperor of Qin ordered people to plant vegetation outside Qin Shihuang's tomb, which looked like a mountain from the outside, and ordered that all the concubines of the late emperor (Qin Shihuang) who had no children should be buried as sacrifices; in order to prevent  The craftsmen robbed the tomb and stole the treasures from the tomb. All the craftsmen involved in building the tomb had the tomb door sealed and buried alive in the mausoleum before they could come out.  According to research, a large number of exposed skeletons of tomb builders were found on the west side of the Qin Mausoleum.

    The treasure of the Qin Shi Huang Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum, the bronze carriage, was unearthed in November 1980 in the corridor leading to the underground palace on the west side of Qin Shi Huang¡¯s Mausoleum in Lintong County, Shaanxi Province. It consists of thousands of parts, although only the actual terracotta warriors and horses are  One-half the size, but it took archaeologists nearly thirteen years (1980 to 1993) to restore the two bronze carriages, which shows that the level of craftsmanship during the Qin Dynasty has reached a very high level.

    "Ancient and Modern Books Collection Kunyu Dian" quoted the historical material "Old Yi of the Han Dynasty" as saying that Li Si was the person in charge of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum project. He once reported to Qin Shihuang that he had brought 720,000 people to build the Lishan Mausoleum and that it had been dug very deep.  , as if reaching the ground.  After Qin Shihuang heard this, he ordered to move another three hundred feet aside.

    As for the meaning of "walking three hundred feet aside", experts explained that when the tomb builders were digging a passage south from the underground palace, they encountered large gravel, and finally had to dig along the gravel layer in a different direction, which is the so-called "walking three hundred feet aside".  .

    In 2006, Duan Qingbo, leader of the Qin Mausoleum Archaeological Team, led a group of archaeologists to use remote sensing and geophysical prospecting methods to detect the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. They found that the underground palace was under the mound of sealed soil, 35 meters deep from the ground level and 170 meters long from east to west.  It is 145 meters wide from north to south, and both the tomb and the tomb are rectangular in shape.

    As for the tomb chamber, it is located in the center of the underground palace. It is 15 meters high and the size is equivalent to a standard football field. It is surrounded by a thick thin rammed earth wall, the so-called palace wall, which is about 168 meters long from east to west and 141 meters long from north to south.  The south wall is 16 meters wide and the north wall is 22 meters wide.
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