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Volume 3: A blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 22: What do you say, The Theory of the Monarch

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    Until the VIP 500 chapter "Light of the Great God" appeared, they were all characters worth recording. It can be regarded as a simple biography of their group. Anyone can find it online or in books.  Literature Museum

    This book is also a great biography of the author, because the author is of course the biggest, and it covers them to enrich the author's lonely, boring and boring daily life. What is life?  What do thinkers say, what do writers say, what do great men say, what do heroes say, what do beautiful women, talented men, kings, heroes, ordinary people say?

    It¡¯s better to say it yourself, what do you say?

    The author said I won¡¯t tell, haha!

    One of the Demon Guardians - Machiavelli

    Niccol¨° and Machiavelli (1469©¤1527) Italian political philosopher.  He was an important figure in the Italian Renaissance. His book "The Prince" proposed the political theory of realism, and another book "On Livy" mentioned the theory of republicanism.

    Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy, where his father was a lawyer.  Not much is known about Machiavelli's childhood, but he apparently received a fairly complete education in Latin and Italian.

    Machiavelli was born during troubled times, the Pope was the most powerful military force, and the wealthy Italian city-states were captured one after another by foreign powers such as France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire.

    At that time, the alliances between the major powers were constantly changing. Mercenary legions often changed sides overnight, and local governments were often established or collapsed within a few weeks.

    In 1527, the city of Rome was also sacked by the troops of the Holy Roman Empire. This was the first time that Rome was invaded by German troops since the 12th century.

    Prosperous Roman cities such as Florence and Genoa suffered the same fate that same year, although Machiavelli died in Florence after being sacked.  It was precisely because of this environment that Machiavelli developed the wisdom to analyze political and military events happening around him and around the world.

    In 1494, the Medici family, which had ruled Florence for 60 years, was overthrown.  Then Savonarola established a republic and led it for four years. Due to many problems, he was finally sentenced to be burned at the stake for heretics.  Sodelini continued to rule the Republic.

    In 1498, Machiavelli became the head of the Second State Office of the Republic of Florence, and also served as the secretary of the ruling committee of the Republic. He was responsible for diplomacy and national defense. He often traveled to various countries and met with many political leaders in power, thus becoming the chief consul of Florence.  The official's confidant.

    He saw that the mercenaries in Florence were in a state of lax military discipline.  Strongly advocate the establishment of the country's national army.

    In 1505, Florence passed legislation establishing the national army and established a nine-member command committee of the national army. Machiavelli served as the secretary of the committee and during the war to conquer Pisa.  He led the army and went to the front line to command operations, finally forcing Pisa to surrender to Florence in 1509.

    During the period when the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope were in conflict, he went out to lobby everywhere, trying to reconcile them, avoid dragging Florence into war, and strengthen arms for self-defense.

    It was also during this period that Machiavelli met another Italian politician and soldier, Cesare Borgia.  After appreciating the various strategies and ruling methods he used to expand his territory, I admired him quite a lot.

    In 1512, when Machiavelli went to Pisa, after a series of complicated battles and diplomatic wrangling.  The Medici, supported by the troops of Julius II, captured Florence and the republic collapsed.

    Giovanni de' Medici became Grand Duke of Florence, and Machiavelli, a high official of the Republic, lost all his positions.

    In 1513, he was imprisoned for conspiring to rebel.  He was tortured but eventually released.  By this time he was destitute.  So he lived in seclusion in the countryside and began to write. In a letter to a friend, he described it this way:

    In the evening, I returned to my desk at home. At the door, I took off my dusty peasant clothes and put on my noble court clothes. At this moment, I returned to the ancient palace and met the people I had met in the past. They were enthusiastic  I was welcomed and offered food for one person.

    I talked to them freely and asked them the reasons for taking various political actions, and they answered me generously.  During these four hours, I didn't feel a trace of fatigue and forgot all my worries.  At this time, poverty did not make me depressed, and death did not frighten me. I integrated into the world of these big people.

    Because Dante once said: Knowledge generated from learning will last forever, while other things will have no results.

    I wrote down my conversations with them and wrote a little book about the monarch. I poured all my thoughts into it, taking into account their subjects as well. What exactly is a monarch?

    What types of monarchs are there?  How to understand?  How to remain a monarch??Location?  Why did you lose your throne?  For monarchs, especially new monarchs, if I have any new ideas that will always make you happy, they will certainly not make you unhappy and will definitely be welcomed.

    During this period, he completed two famous works, "The Prince" and "On Livy".

    After Lorenzo's death, Bishop Julius Medici ruled Florence, determined to reform politics, and consulted Machiavelli.

    In 1523, Julius was elected pope as Clement VII, and reused Machiavelli to write the History of Florence.  Later, Machiavelli dedicated his new book to the Pope and received a reward of 120 gold coins. He was appointed secretary of the City Defense Committee and joined the Pope's army to fight against the Holy Roman Emperor.

    He described the Florentines at that time in his History of Florence:

    They are more free in dress and daily life than their ancestors, spend more in other aspects, and spend more time and money on leisure, games and women. Their main purpose is to have better clothes and have more money.  More polite conversation.  He who can harm others in the most astute way is the most capable.

    In 1527, the Medici family fell and the Republic of Florence was restored. Machiavelli wanted to continue to serve the Republic, but because he had served the Medici family, he was not allowed to be employed by the Republic. He eventually fell into depression and died at the age of 58.

    Machiavelli's most famous work is "The Prince", in which Machiavelli explains what kind of ruling methods a monarch (ruler) should use to maintain his power.

    Machiavelli¡¯s main focus is on the new monarch, because hereditary monarchs have less difficulty in ruling than new monarchs because the people have become accustomed to the old regime. All the hereditary monarchs have to do is carefully maintain their existing system.

    But it is not a simple matter for the new monarch to construct a new and permanent power structure in order to maintain the land he has seized.

    In order to stabilize the regime, the monarch must maintain a perfect reputation in public, but in private he must adopt many inherently evil political methods.

    Unlike other writings, The Prince does not tell readers what an ideal monarch or kingdom should look like.

    Machiavelli explains which monarchs succeeded in ruling and maintaining power through numerous examples drawn from his observations of political situations in various countries and his study of ancient history while serving as a diplomat in Florence.

    His writings also represent the forefront of the Italian Renaissance, and he uses a large number of historical examples from ancient documents in his books.

    If readers do not study Machiavelli's arguments carefully, they will often think that the central idea of ??"The Prince" is that the end justifies the means - this is actually a teleological philosophical point of view, that is, as long as the end is just, all evil will be eliminated.  The means are also justified.

    However, this is just a misunderstanding of Machiavelli, because Machiavelli also pointed out some limitations of evil means. First of all, he pointed out that only maintaining stability and prosperity are the legitimate goals that a country can pursue. It is not legitimate for individuals to use unscrupulous means for their own interests.  goals and do not justify evil means.
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