Japan finally surrendered. This country that had caused huge disasters to the people of Asia and the United States finally surrendered. People all over the world who were deeply traumatized by the war cried when they heard the surrender decree read by the Japanese Emperor on the radio, even though Japan It surrendered, but the trauma it caused to half of the world, including China, will never be erased. On September 2, 1944, under the witness of history, the Japanese government signed a surrender agreement with the Allies on the Chinese battleship "Zhonghua" anchored in Tokyo Bay, and Japan officially surrendered. After Japan surrendered, the four countries of China, the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union successively occupied the Japanese archipelago in separate areas on August 25. The Chinese National Defense Force was ordered to occupy Kyushu and northwestern Japan. The US military was stationed in central and northeastern Japan, and the British army occupied the Japanese islands. The Shikoku and the Soviet Union occupied Hokkaido. Although the war is over, the follow-up issues of the war need to be resolved urgently. The first is how to deal with Japan. Whether to occupy Japan in partitions, directly dismember Japan, or rebuild the Japanese government. This is a big question before the allies. The Soviet Union believed that the Japanese people were deeply poisoned by the bushido spirit and militarism. If Japan was not dismembered, Japan would become a serious problem for the Allies in ten or twenty years. Therefore, the Soviet Union believed that Japan should be dismembered. According to the four countries of China, the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union, The occupied area shall be permanently occupied. But the United States and Britain disagree. First of all, there is an example of Germany online. It was precisely because of the improper handling of Germany after World War I that it caused World War II and experienced two world wars. Both the United States, Britain and other countries are afraid and tired. Therefore, when it comes to dealing with defeated countries, the United States, Britain and other countries do not only know how to gobble things up like they did during World War I. The United States and Britain believe that the Allies should give great respect to Japan, a once independent country and an independent power. They should not implement permanent occupation of Japan under any circumstances, because this will trigger the Third World War. the trigger. The United States and Britain believe that Japan should be given political support, that is, a new democratic government should be formed with the support of the Allies, and compensation should be paid for the losses Japan has caused to other countries. Hold trials for high-level officials who committed war crimes during the war. ??????????????????????????????????????????????????¡ On September 15, 1944, the Chinese government made its own demands to the Allies. First, Japan must disband its own army, except for the police to maintain public security. Never have any armed forces; the second is to dissolve the government, all war criminals must face international trials, and no one can escape trial for any reason; the third is to return Chinese property and cultural relics plundered during the war; the fourth is to compensate for war losses; The fifth is to return the Ryukyu Islands to China; finally, Japan¡¯s future national education must accept the supervision of its allies. Although China is a victorious country, it did not put forward unacceptable conditions when dealing with the defeated Japan. This surprised the United States, Britain and other countries in the past few decades. Japan has always regarded China as its biggest enemy and has carried out military aggression against China for more than ten years. ??In particular, the Chinese government has taken the initiative to propose international trials of Japanese war criminals, which is indeed admirable. You must know that according to the Soviet idea, the war criminals they captured were all guilty of numerous crimes and were shot or hanged. Why bother spending time on them, wasting people and money? But Western countries such as the United States, Britain, and France think so. Those people are now only defendants in prison. Whether and to what extent they are war criminals remains to be tried. During the trial, the defendants should not only be given full opportunities to defend themselves, but also should have their own lawyers of their choice, and the fees should be paid by the court. The Chinese government believes that if those people are executed without trial, to the Germans and Japanese who do not know the truth, those people are national heroes, not war criminals, but the allies are aggressors. Only through strict trials can everyone understand that those who are unjust are criminals and anti-human and anti-social war criminals. On October 1, 1944, the foreign ministers of China, the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom held a Moscow conference and decided to establish two Allied agencies, one to deal with Germany and the other to deal with Japan. China was not involved in the agency that dealt with it, because Germany did not cause harm to China during the war, and the two sides did not engage in a face-to-face war. The Far East Commission established by Washington to deal with Japan was composed of representatives from the Soviet Union, the United States, China, Britain, Australia, New Zealand, and India. On October 10, the Far East Committee passed a series of resolutions against Japan: first, formulating policies, principles and standards for Japan to fulfill the terms of Japan's surrender. The second step is to review relevant measures taken by the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces at the request of member states. Finally, there are the two newly established Allied powers.A resolution must be approved by a majority of member states and must include the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain, and China to be effective; when the Allies implement their policy toward Japan, they should formulate specific instructions in accordance with the decisions of the Far East Committee, and then Convey instructions to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces for implementation, etc. The war launched by the German, Italian, and Japanese fascists brought serious disasters to all mankind. In order to punish criminals for their heinous crimes, it was also decided at the Moscow Conference that the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Japan must severely punish Japanese war criminals. On December 10, 1944, according to the decision of the Supreme Council of the Allies, the "Special Declaration" on the establishment of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo and the "Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East" were officially promulgated. According to regulations, the tribunal has the power to try and punish Far East war criminals who have committed crimes against peace, crimes against laws and customs of war, and crimes against humanity. But in fact, the subjects of the Tokyo Trial are Class A war criminals (that is, the main or primary war criminals), and minor war criminals are tried by separate courts in each invaded country. On December 15, 1944, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East was established in Tokyo. It was composed of judges from 11 countries including China, the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union. The 11 judges appointed by Chen Feng, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Asian Theater: Clay of the United States General Moore, Mr. Mei Ruao of China, Lord Patrick of the United Kingdom, General I.M. Chayanov of the Soviet Union, Sir W. Weber of Australia, S. MacDougall of Canada, and H. Bernard of France. Seal, B.V.A. Rollin of the Netherlands, E.H. Northcroft of New Zealand, R.M. Barr of India, and D. Hananila of the Philippines. Sir Wilbur was appointed president of the court. Based on the provisions of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. The Prosecutor General appointed by the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces shall be responsible for investigating and prosecuting accusations of war criminals within the jurisdiction of this court, and shall provide legal assistance to the Supreme Commander when necessary; "Any United States in a state of war with Japan shall Have the right to appoint an accompanying prosecutor to assist the chief prosecutor." Accordingly, J.B. Keenan of the United States was appointed as the Attorney General and also served as the associate prosecutor of the United States. The associate prosecutors assigned by other countries were: Xiang Zhejun of China, A.S. Comins Carr of the United Kingdom, and S.A. of the Soviet Union. Golonski, A.J. Mansfield of Australia, H.G. Nolan of Canada, W.G.F.B. Mulder of the Netherlands, R.H. Quillen of New Zealand, G. Menon of India and P. Roberts of the Philippines. At the same time as the Far East Military Tribunal was established, the Allies also established war criminals military tribunals in Nanjing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou in China, Manila in the Philippines, and Khabarovsk in the Soviet Union to try Japanese war criminals. On January 2, 1945, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East accepted the indictment of 75 defendants including Hirohito, Okamura Neji, Tojo Hideki, and Hirota Koki by the International Prosecution Office of the Supreme Allied Command. Later, the Allies considered the case to be too large. It was complicated and it was decided to try these 78 people in two or three batches. The first batch of 34 Class-A war criminals to be tried in Tokyo were Emperor Hirohito, including Emperor Hirohito, Hideki Tojo, Kenji Doihara, Koki Hirota, Seishiro Sakagaki, Hy¨taro Kimura, and Iwane Matsui. , Akira Muto, Neji Okamura, Fumima Konoe, Eki Anami, Moto Sugiyama, Shuaki Okawa, Yosuke Matsuoka, Shiro Ishii, Osamu Nagano, Sadao Araki, Kingoro Hashimoto, Shunroku Hata, Kiichiro Hiranuma, Hoshino Naoki, Koichi Kido, Kuniaki Oiso, Minamijiro, Keijun Oka, Hiroshi Oshima, Kenryo Sato, Shigetaro Shimada, Teiichi Suzuki, Konobu Kagoya, Toshio Shiratori, Mijiro Umezu, Shigenori Togo, Shigemitsu sunflower. A total of 8 Class-A war criminals in Japan have escaped trial in history, the first of which is Emperor Hirohito. At that time, he was not included in the list of war criminals because of the protection of the US government. Also protected by the US military was the murderer Shiro Ishii, who was originally the leader of Japan's Unit 731. ??The second is Okamura Neiji, the commander-in-chief of the Japanese invaders. At that time, Okamura was acquitted because Okamura was protected by Chiang Kai-shek. In addition, former Japanese Prime Minister Konoe Fumima, Anami Yuki, and Sugiyama Motonori committed suicide in fear of crime and thus escaped trial; there is also Okawa Shuaki, director of the East Asia Research Institute of Nanman Manchuria Railway Co., Ltd. This person is the author of "Two Thousand Six Hundred Years of History" and other best-selling books during the war, an active propagandist of Japanese fascism, and the ideological guide of the Japanese military. After the war, Okawa Shuaki was listed as one of the 28 Class-A war criminals by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, but he escaped trial because he pretended to be crazy and acted like a fool. There are also former Japanese Foreign Minister Matsuoka Yosuke and Naval Operations Chief Osamu Nagano. These two unlucky guys died of illness during the trial and therefore escaped trial. Now the war has ended early. The trial was also carried out in advance, so none of these people escaped and they were all sent to the military court. The Tokyo Trial lasted nearly a year from the opening of the trial in January 1945 to the conclusion of the verdict in December 1945. During this period, there were a total of 1,118 court sessions and more than 68,000 pages of court records. A total of 819 witnesses appeared in court to testify, and more than 134,000 pieces of documentary evidence were produced. The verdict is 3,213 pages long, exceeding the Nuremberg Trial in scale and can be called the largest international trial in human history.It was also one of the major political events that took place in the world after the end of World War II. Various crimes of Japanese fascists were exposed step by step during the trial. During the war, Chen Feng specially sent people to collect evidence of the Japanese army's crimes. Therefore, when the Chinese government accused the Japanese invading army of committing hundreds of crimes in China, each of them provided the court with a large amount of certification and physical evidence. The Chinese government alone There were more than 90,000 photos of people killed in battle, and tens of thousands of other documents. Of the more than 134,000 pieces of evidence presented in the court, 95% came from China. With a large amount of detailed evidence, the trial progress of the court was more than a year faster than the historical trial time of two years and seven months. From December 15 to 25, 1945, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East read out hundreds of thousands of The verdict was written in 1996, and sentenced Hirohito, Neji Okamura, Fumima Konoe, Yuki Anami, Shiro Ishii, Moto Sugiyama, Shuaki Okawa, Hideki Tojo, Kenji Doihara, Koki Hirota, Seishiro Sakagaki, and Hyo Kimura. Taro, Matsui Iwane, Muto Akira and other 14 people were hanged. Sentenced to Sadao Araki, Kingoro Hashimoto, Shunroku Hata, Kirichiro Hiranuma, Naoki Hoshino, Koichi Kido, Kuniaki Oiso, Jiro Minami, Keijun Oka, Hiroshi Oshima, Kenr¨ Sato, Yosuke Matsuoka, Osamu Nagano, Eighteen people including Shitaro Shimada, Teiichi Suzuki, Konobu Kaya, Toshio Shiratori, and Yoshijiro Umezu were sentenced to life imprisonment. Shigenori Togo was sentenced to 20 years in prison and Aoi Shigemitsu was sentenced to 7 years in prison. At the same time as the Tokyo trial, military courts were also set up in Nanjing, Shanghai, Manila and other places to try Japanese Class B and Class C war criminals. A total of 8,226 war criminals were tried, of which 1,937 war criminals were sentenced to death. PS: The next chapter "Glorious Mission 1937" is over. In fact, the main text has been completed today. Tomorrow will be some extra chapters that need to be explained. Let's call it the main text!