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- . Nanjing Massacre "Reprinted from Baidu Encyclopedia"
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Memorial Hall of the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre by the Japanese Invaders
The Nanjing Massacre refers to the six-week large-scale massacre and looting of Chinese civilians and prisoners of war in the city and suburbs of Nanjing after the Japanese invaders captured Nanjing, China, on December 13, 1937 during World War II. , rape and other war crimes. All chapters of The War of Resistance: The Founding General. According to the relevant judgments of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing Military Tribunal after the end of World War II, more than 200,000 to 300,000 Chinese civilians and prisoners of war were killed by the Japanese army in the massacre. One third of it was set on fire by the Japanese army. Japanese scholars have different opinions, but some people try to obliterate the facts.
Table of contents
Event background
Historical process
The course of the massacre
1. Large-scale mass murder
2. Killing Contest
3. Rape
4. Cultural plunder
Participating troops
unambiguous evidence
1. Corpse collection record
2. Physical evidence from non-belligerent countries
3.Victim¡¯s witness
4. Personal and material evidence of the Japanese invaders and post-war Japan
Related events
Number of victims
1. Calculation
2.Historical records
3. Japan¡¯s defense
Responsibility determination
1.1. The Japanese army committed widespread murders and rapes during the massacre.
2.2. Brutality is the core of Japanese military training.
3.3. The issue of direct responsibility for the "Nanjing Massacre".
Related reports
The driving force behind the scenes
Remember the history
? commemorative activities
The movie of the same name
Event background
Historical process
The course of the massacre
1. Large-scale mass murder
2. Killing Contest
3. Rape
4. Cultural plunder
Participating troops
unambiguous evidence
1. Corpse collection record
2. Physical evidence from non-belligerent countries
3.Victim¡¯s witness
4. Personal and material evidence of the Japanese invaders and post-war Japan
Related events
Number of victims
1. Calculation
2.Historical records
3. Japan¡¯s defense
Responsibility determination
1.1. The Japanese army committed widespread murders and rapes during the massacre.
2.2. Brutality is the core of Japanese military training.
3.3. The issue of direct responsibility for the "Nanjing Massacre".
¡¤Related reports
¡¤The driving force behind the scenes
¡¤Keep history in mind
¡¤Commemorative activities
¡¤Movie of the same name
Expand
Event background
Japanese troops invaded Nanjing
[1]
After the July 7th Incident in 1937, Japan launched a large-scale war of all-out aggression against China. On July 17, Chiang Kai-shek, chairman of the Military Commission of the Nationalist Government, said in the Lushan Statement: "If war breaks out, it will be irrespective of north and south, old or young, no matter who is responsible for defending the territory and resisting the war." Nationwide. A wave of nationwide resistance was set off from top to bottom.
From August 13 to November 12 of the same year, the Battle of Songhu was held in Shanghai and surrounding areas. At the beginning of the battle, the Japanese army was unable to capture Shanghai for a long time. However, the Japanese army carried out flank maneuvers. On November 5, the troops in Hangzhou Bay were surrounded by enemies from both sides and the battle situation took a turn for the worse. On November 8, Chiang Kai-shek ordered a full retreat; on November 12, Shanghai was lost. , the Battle of Songhu ended.
After the Battle of Songhu, the Chinese Army retreated towards Nanjing. Nanjing, the then capital of China, was under direct threat from the Japanese army. Due to the extremely chaotic organization of the retreat from Shanghai, the Chinese Army failed to organize effective resistance along the way from Shanghai to Nanjing. Chinese general Tang Shengzhi took the initiative to defend Nanjing and took the initiative to ask Ying to command the defense of Nanjing. On November 20, the Nationalist Government announced that it would move the capital to Chongqing.
Japanese Haneda troops killed prisoners in a massacre at the mouth of the Huangpu River
[2]
After three months of fierce fighting in the Battle of Songhu, the Japanese army also suffered heavy losses. The Japanese General Staff Headquarters originally planned to allow the Japanese troops in Shanghai to "return triumphantly" and had no plans to attack Nanjing. On November 7, the Japanese General Staff Headquarters issued an order to the Shanghai Dispatch Army and the Tenth Army: "Sweep out the enemies near Shanghai, and the pursuit front will be east of Suzhou and Jiaxing." However, the middle and lower-level officers of the Japanese army were unwilling to give up. On November 15, the enlarged meeting of the Tenth Army reached a resolution: "To resolve the incident, the Ministry of Military Affairs requested approvalMarch on Nanjing and capture Nanjing. "On December 1, the Japanese General Staff Headquarters officially issued an order to occupy Nanjing. After several months of continuous operations, the Japanese army attacked Nanjing, hundreds of kilometers west of Shanghai, with almost no logistical support. The Japanese officer said: "The shortage of food and grass will be solved on the spot. , if you run out of ammunition, fight hand-to-hand. "On their way westward, the Japanese army began robbing, killing civilians, and raping women.
Since the order was issued, the sense of guilt has disappeared, and the soldiers have turned into bandits who raid and steal grain and livestock to satisfy their hunger. This order to collect on the spot made the junior officers go crazy. They not only robbed food, but also raped Chinese women
Schematic diagram of the Battle of Nanjing
[3]
Those who resist will be dealt with by force. (Kazuo Sone, "A Personal Account of the Nanjing Massacre")
On December 4, the Japanese army approached the outskirts of Nanjing. On the 8th, the Japanese army occupied the outer positions of Nanjing and surrounded Nanjing from the north, east and south. At this time, the Nanjing defenders had only one retreat route to the west, the Yangtze River. However, Tang Shengzhi made a "last-ditch" gesture and ordered to concentrate on holding on. In the Fukuo position, on the other hand, he ordered the destruction of all ferries on the Yangtze River, and ordered Song Xilian's 36th Division to guard Yijiang Gate, the only passage in the city leading to Xiaguan, and strictly prohibited the troops from withdrawing from here. Since then, all retreat routes for the defenders and civilians in Nanjing City have been cut off. On the 10th, the Japanese army launched a full-line offensive, but they still failed to break through the Nanjing city defenses until the 12th. At 7 o'clock in the evening on the 12th, Tang Shengzhi suddenly ordered a breakout and retreat, and escaped by himself on a reserved motorboat. The Nanjing garrison collapsed, and most of them retreated to Xiaguan. They had a fierce conflict with the 36th Division at Yijiang Gate, and finally broke through the city gate and fled to Xiaguan. Since the ferry had been destroyed, many refugees and soldiers only tried to cross the river on planks, and most of them froze and drowned in the river. Seeing that there was no hope of crossing the river, the others returned to the city. Many soldiers took off their military uniforms and hid in the Nanjing safety zone.
Historical process
The Japanese invaders invaded and occupied Nanjing
[4]
On December 13, 1937, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing. Under the command of Central China Front Commander Matsui Iwane, 6th Division Commander Hisao Tani and other fascists, they carried out a brutal massacre against the unarmed Nanjing people for six weeks. Massacre. The War of Resistance: The Founding General read online
After the Japanese army occupied Shanghai, they marched towards Nanjing. The Kuomintang troops fought fierce battles with the Japanese troops on the outskirts of Nanjing many times, but failed to stop the Japanese troops' multiple attacks. On December 13, 1937, Nanjing was occupied by the Japanese army in chaos. The Japanese army, under the command of Matsui Iwane, the commander of the Central China Front, burned, killed, raped and looted everything in the Nanjing area.
On December 15, the Japanese army marched more than 2,000 Chinese policemen outside Hanzhong Gate, shot them with machine guns, and burned their bodies to eliminate traces. On the same day and night, more than 9,000 citizens and soldiers were taken to the Navy Torpedo Camp by the Japanese army. Except for 9 people who escaped, all the others were killed.
On the evening of the 16th, more than 5,000 Chinese soldiers and refugees were taken to the Zhongshan Pier River by the Japanese army. They were first shot to death with machine guns and their bodies were thrown into the river. Only a few people survived.
On the 17th, the Japanese army shot more than 3,000 soldiers, civilians and Nanjing power plant workers rounded up from various places, and shot them to death with machine guns from Mei'an Port to Shangyuanmen River, and some of them were burned to death with firewood.
Japanese troops invaded Nanjing
[5]
On the 18th, more than 57,000 refugees and captured soldiers who escaped from Nanjing and were imprisoned at the foot of Shogunate Mountain were bound by the Japanese army with lead wires and driven to Xiaguan Caoxie Gorge. They first fired machine guns, stabbed randomly with bayonets, and finally poured water on them. They were burned with kerosene and the remains were thrown into the Yangtze River. What is outrageous is that Japanese second lieutenants Mukai and Noda held a "killing contest" at the foot of Purple Mountain. After they killed 106 and 105 Chinese respectively, "the game was on again."
In the month after the Japanese army entered Nanjing, no young girl or old woman was spared the incident. After many women were raped, they were shot and their bodies mutilated, which was horrific. At the same time, the Japanese troops burned houses when they encountered them. From China Gate to Neiqiao, from Taiping Road to Xinjiekou and the prosperous areas around Confucius Temple, fires continued for several days. About a third of the city's buildings and properties were reduced to ashes. Countless houses, shops, institutions, and warehouses were looted. "Nanjing after the disaster was full of desolation."
The "Judgment of the International Tribunal for the Far East" published later stated: "The Japanese soldiers came to insult the city like a group of indulged barbarians." They "roamed around the city alone or in small groups of two or three, committing murders." , rape, robbery, and arson", and the bodies of the victims were left lying in the streets and alleys. "The water flowing along the river turned red, and all the canals and ravines inside and outside the city were filled with corpses."
Historical photos of the Nanjing Massacre
According to the verification of the Nanjing Military Tribunal in February 1946, the Japanese army committed 28 collective massacres of 190,000 people and 858 scattered massacres of 150,000 people. The Japanese army carried out a massacre in Nanjing for six weeks. More than 300,000 Chinese civilians were shot and buried alive.
While the Chinese nation is experiencing this catastrophe of blood and tears, Chinese cultural treasures have also been greatly damaged.Seize. According to investigations, after the Japanese invaders occupied Nanjing, they sent 330 agents, 367 soldiers, and 830 hard laborers. Starting from March 1938, they spent a month moving more than ten trucks of books and documents every day, and stole a total of books. There are 880,000 volumes of documents, which exceeds the 850,000 volumes of the Tokyo Ueno Imperial Library, the largest library in Japan at the time.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Matsui Iwane, the executioner who directed the Nanjing Massacre, was hanged by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, and Hisao Tani was extradited to the Chinese government for execution.
The course of the massacre
Large-scale mass murder
Map of the main locations of the Nanjing Massacre
[6]
The Japanese troops, who entered the city with about 50,000 troops but only 17 military policemen to enforce military discipline, not only killed Nanjing residents individually or in small groups at any time and anywhere, but also targeted Chinese people, especially disarmed military and police personnel. Several large-scale "massacres" were carried out. Methods of mass killing include machine gun shooting, mass burial alive, etc. The methods are extremely cruel.
December 15 (the third day of Japanese occupation): More than 3,000 Chinese police officers who had laid down their weapons were marched to the Hanzhong Gate and fired intensively with machine guns. Many of them were killed on the spot. The injured and surviving bodies were also incinerated in the same way as the bodies of the deceased. That night, more than 9,000 Chinese civilians and disarmed Chinese soldiers who were transferred to the torpedo camp were massacred by the Japanese army. They also massacred more than 30,000 people in the Pagoda Bridge area. 200 people were shot and killed near the air raid trench on Zhongshan North Road.
December 16 (the fourth day of the Japanese occupation): More than 5,000 Chinese male and female refugees who took refuge in the Overseas Chinese Hostel in the Nanjing Safety Zone were collectively escorted by the Japanese army to the Zhongshan Pier, with their hands tied behind their backs and lined up in a row. After the Japanese army shot him with machine guns, he abandoned his body in the Yangtze River to destroy the traces of the body. Among more than 5,000 people, only Bai Zengrong and Liang Tingfang escaped death by swimming to the other side after being shot and wounded. The Japanese army massacred more than 400 people in Sitiao Alley and more than 100 people in Yinyang Camp.
December 17 (the 5th day of Japanese occupation): More than 3,000 Chinese civilians were taken to the river downstream of Coal Port and shot collectively by the Japanese army. More than 400 Chinese refugees who took refuge in Fangsheng Temple and Salesian Home were shot to death en masse.
On the night of December 18 (the 6th day of Japanese occupation), Xiaguan Caoxie Gorge. A total of 57,418 Chinese refugees, men, women, and children, who had escaped from Nanjing and were imprisoned in Shogun Hill, were bound by the Japanese army with lead wires, except for a few who had been starved to death or beaten to death. They shot and killed those lying in a pool of blood who were still moaning and struggling. Afterwards, all the corpses were doused with kerosene and incinerated to destroy any traces of the corpses. Only Wu Changde was killed in this massacre.
The Nanjing Massacre: ¡°One hundred people were killed¡± is irrefutable evidence
[7]
People were burned but survived and were able to escape. The Japanese army shot and killed more than 4,000 people in the Dafangxiang refugee area.
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
On December 13, 1937, the "Tokyo Nichiichi Shimbun" (now the "Mainichi Shimbun") reported on the "murderous contest" between two Japanese military officers. Encouraged by their superiors, two second lieutenant officers of the Nakajima Unit of the 16th Division of the Japanese Army, Toshiaki Mukai and Takeshi Noda, met with each other for a "killing competition" and agreed that the winner would be whoever killed 100 people first when occupying Nanjing. They killed from Jurong to Tangshan, Mukai Toshiaki killed 89 people, and Noda Takeshi killed 78 people. Since both of them were less than 100, the "race" continued. At noon on December 10, the two met at the foot of Purple Mountain, and each other's mouths had been cut with sabers. Noda said he killed 105 people, and Mukai said he killed 106 people. Since it was not certain who could kill 100 people first, it was decided that there would be no winner in this competition and a rematch would be held to see who could kill 150 Chinese people. These atrocities have been serialized in newspapers with pictures and texts, and they are called "heroes of the imperial army." After Japan surrendered, the two war criminals were eventually executed in Nanjing on the charge that they were "actually thieves of humanity and public enemies of civilization" for jointly and continuously massacring prisoners and non-combat personnel during the war.
According to the verification of the Nanjing Military Court in February 1946, the Japanese army committed 28 collective massacres of 190,000 people and 858 scattered massacres of 150,000 people. The Japanese army carried out a massacre in Nanjing for six weeks. More than 300,000 Chinese civilians were shot and buried alive.
Rape
Hankou's "Ta Kung Pao" report on the Nanjing Massacre
[8]
During the Japanese occupation of Nanjing, thousands of women were raped. They raped them day and night in front of the victim's family members. Some women were raped several times by the Japanese soldiers, and some women often died after being tortured by the Japanese soldiers. In addition, the Japanese army also forced rape. It is estimated that more than 20,000 rape cases occurred at that time.
Cultural plunder
While the Chinese nation is experiencing this catastrophe of blood and tears, Chinese cultural treasures have also been plundered. According to investigations, after the Japanese invaders occupied Nanjing, they sent 330 agents, 367 soldiers, and 830 hard laborers. Starting from March 1938, they spent a month moving more than ten trucks of books and documents every day, and stole a total of books. There are 880,000 volumes of documents, which exceeds the 850,000 volumes of the Tokyo Ueno Imperial Library, the largest library in Japan at the time. The Nanjing Massacre was a tragedy that will last forever!
Participating troops
The Japanese army prepared to massacre Nanjing citizens
The Central Expeditionary Force that participated in the massacre was mainly composed of the 10th Army of the Shanghai Expeditionary Force.
Central China Front - Commander: Army General Matsui Iwane
Shanghai Expeditionary Force-Commander: Lieutenant General of the Army, King Jiuyan of Asaka Palace
3rd Division Advance Team-Company Captain: Army Colonel Takamori Takashi
9th Division-Division Commander: Army Lieutenant General Yoshizumi Ryosuke
16th Division-Division Commander: Lieutenant General Nakajima Imago
Yamada Detachment (part of the 13th Division) - Commander of the 103rd Infantry Brigade: Army Major General Yamada Kakiji
10th Army-Commander: Lieutenant General Yanagawa Heisuke
6th Division-Division Commander: Army Lieutenant General Hisao Tani
18th Division-Division Commander: Lieutenant General Ushijima Sadao
114th Division-Division Commander: Army Lieutenant General Suematsu Shigeharu
Kunisaki Detachment (9th Infantry Brigade of the 5th Division) - Detachment Leader: Army Major General Noboru Kunisaki
unambiguous evidence
Corpse collection record
A Japanese massacre site at the foot of Purple Mountain
According to statistics, the International Red Cross buried a total of 43,121 corpses in and outside Nanjing, the Nanjing Red Cross buried 22,371 corpses, the charity Chongshan Hall buried 112,267 corpses, and the charity Tongshan Hall buried more than 7,000 corpses. Wang Shouren of Xiang Mosque buried more than 400 corpses of the dead in the name of "Nanjing Islamic Association Burial Team". These five charitable groups alone have collected more than one corpse. In addition, Chinese civilians Rui Fangyuan and Zhang Hongru organized more than 30 refugees to bury more than 7,000 bodies; Hunan carpenters recruited workers during their prime to bury 28,730 bodies of the victims in the Shangxinhe area.
In addition, the puppet regime supported by the Japanese army also buried the bodies. For example, the Xiaguan District Office buried 3,240 corpses in the Xiaguan and Sancha River areas; the First District Office buried 1,233 corpses in the southeast area of ??the city; the Nanjing Municipal Government Office ordered the Health Bureau to collect corpses outside Zhongshan Gate in January 1939. There are 3,000 human remains in the Gusi area, and they are buried in the east of Linggu Temple. The "Ownerless Soul Monument" is erected to record the burial process.
Before the fall of Nanjing, the Japanese army massacred civilians in Shanghai, Suzhou, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Wuxi, Changzhou and other places. Some Japanese historians once doubted that the 300,000 civilians killed by China actually included the East China population who were killed outside Nanjing. Chinese historians believe that if the people killed in East China are also included, the total may be as high as one million people.
According to research by Sun Zhaiwei (researcher at Jiangsu Academy of Social Sciences) and Gao Gaozu (professor at Nanjing University), more than 300,000 people died.
In a message to the Japanese Embassy in the United States, Hirota Koki admitted that the Japanese army used bloody methods to kill "no less than 300,000 Chinese civilians" in Nanjing and other places [9]
Non-belligerent witness and physical evidence
"Illustrated Weekly" records the atrocities of the Nanjing Massacre by the Japanese army
[10]
¡¤"Rabe's Diary"
¡¤"Vautrin's Diary"
¡¤There is a copperplate road printed with 222 "footprints of historical witnesses" in front of the Memorial Hall of the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre by the Japanese Invaders. The road is 40 meters long
¡¤In 1937, American pastor John Magee used an old 1930s 16mm camera to record the only image of the Nanjing Massacre so far. A total of four 105-minute films were played (John Magee's 2001 His son David Magee personally donated it to the Memorial Hall of the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre by the Japanese Invaders). John Magee also had a lot of descriptions of the massacre in his letters at the time: "The rape of women is beyond description and unimaginable." "What I can say is that there are dead bodies in every street and alley of this city. I go We visited many places, including the Shimonoseki area.¡±
¡¤ Fei Chu, the director-general of the International Committee of the Nanjing Safety Zone, witnessed the atrocities committed by the Japanese army in the Nanjing area, and smuggled the film recording the atrocities of the Japanese army shot by Pastor Magee to the Shanghai Kodak Company, produced it and took it to various places in the United States for screening. It was also published in Reader's Digest in the United States. " exposed the atrocities committed by the Japanese army in violation of the international laws of war: "When the Japanese arrested people from our campsite, they regarded those with calluses on their hands and those with shaved heads as evidence of being soldiers, and believed that they must be sentenced to death. They wanted to shoot them Whoever is there will be pulled out."
In the 1930s, the British "Manchester Herald" correspondent in China wrote the book "Japanese Atrocities Witnessed by Outsiders" in early 1938, which for the first time fully disclosed the truth of the Japanese Nanjing Massacre to the world, and denounced the Japanese army for creating "unprecedented in modern history". A record of brutality.¡±
When John Rabe, chairman of the International Committee of the Nanjing Safety Zone, rescued Chinese refugees in 1937, he recorded in detail the murderous atrocities committed by the Japanese army: ¡°On December 14, Japanese soldiers carried out overwhelming acts of robbery, rape, massacre and other terrorist activities ¡"[11]
Victim¡¯s witness
Li Xiuying, 7 months pregnant, was stabbed 37 times in a fight with three Japanese soldiers.
The Japanese army forcibly pulled young and middle-aged people out of the safety zone as "disabled soldiers"
[12]
He was admitted to Gulou Hospital and left imaging data. She also went to Japan to file a compensation lawsuit against Japan and died during the trial.
Xia Shuqin, 7 of the 9 members of her family were killed. She crawled out of the dead body after being stabbed.
Jiang Genfu (December 20, 1929 -), his younger brother was thrown to death by Japanese soldiers, his mother was shot to death for resisting rape, his father was taken away, and his second sister was hacked to death for resisting rape.
Cui Jingui witnessed the body collection and burial process of the charity organization Chongshan Hall, and confirmed that Chongshan Hall counted the corpses when burying them.
Shang Deyi was captured by the Japanese army at 11 a.m. on December 6, 1937. At the same time, he and more than 1,000 Chinese men were shot with machine guns. Most of them died on the spot. He survived by collapsing under the body.
When Wu Zhengxi took refuge at No. 62, Xinhua Lane, Nanjing, his second brother Wu Zhengbao, his eldest cousin Yun Guan, his third cousin San Yun, and his uncle Lao Wang were captured and shot to death. My grandfather was stabbed to death and my 30-year-old cousin was raped.
Shao Hanzhen, her father Shao Jinqing, grandfather Shao Caichao and uncle Ren Fahe were shot dead by the Japanese army.
Huangfu Zesheng, a soldier who defended Nanjing. After being captured by the Japanese army, he and hundreds of others were collectively shot to death by Japanese machine guns in a ravine in Banqiao Town. After shooting, the Japanese stabbed the survivors to death with bayonets. He and another seriously injured comrade were the only survivors.
When Meng Xianmei was collecting water from the ditch, she saw with her own eyes that the Japanese army used multiple trucks to escort ordinary people to the entrance of the new Hanzhong Gate Bridge and shot them to death with machine guns.
Chen Guangxiu, his father was shot dead in Xuxiang Village, Tangshan Town, Nanjing, and more than 100 young people in the village, including his younger brother, were bayoneted to death. The four brothers of the Ai family were thrown into the sky and fell to death. Many women were raped. My mother died of depression due to the murder of her father and younger brother.
Liu Wenjing, witness to the mass massacre (more than 100 people) in Dafangxiang Square.
Liu Zhongming, a retired employee of Tianjin Industrial and Commercial Bank and a survivor of the Nanjing Massacre, worked as an apprentice in a shop in Nanjing. He said: "When the Japanese came into the city, they killed everyone they saw. There were corpses everywhere in the city. Cars carrying Japanese soldiers picked up corpses. Drive over. I will never forget that tragic scene."
The personal and material evidence of the Japanese invaders and post-war Japan
The orders and officers¡¯ records of the command structures at all levels of the Japanese invasion of China at that time are direct physical evidence:
The headquarters of the Japanese 6th Division that captured Nanjing received an order: "Kill all Chinese, regardless of women and children, and set all houses on fire."
Nakajima Kongo, commander of the Japanese 16th Division, also recorded in his diary: "In general, we do not keep prisoners, but deal with them all."
On January 11, 1938, Japanese Foreign Minister Koki Hirota said in a telegram: "Since returning to Shanghai a few days ago, I have investigated reports of atrocities committed by the Japanese army in Nanjing and other places. According to direct calculations by reliable eyewitnesses, the Letters from people with high credibility provided sufficient proof: No less than 300,000 Chinese civilians were killed as a result of the actions of the Japanese army and the means by which they continued their atrocities." (Wu Tianwei, translated from "Japan, Japan" published by the National Archives in Washington, D.C. Soldiers' diaries and testimonies have also been listed as evidence of the Nanjing Massacre:
Takagi Shouichi, captain of the 6th Baggage Regiment of the 6th Japanese Division that invaded Nanjing, said in his diary that on December 14, 1937, he saw the Xiaguan Riverside in Nanjing: ¡°Bodies were washed over like driftwood by the waves; On the shore, corpses piled up as far as the eye can see. There may be thousands or tens of thousands of corpses, which is a very large number."
The diary of Toshiro, a veteran of the 16th Division of the Japanese Army ("T¨shiro's Diary") is important evidence. For example, he wrote in his diary on December 21, 1937: "The crying Chinese people were put into mail bags. In the middle, Nishimoto (Japanese soldier) lit a fire, and the gasoline burned all of a sudden. At this moment, an unspeakable and terrifying scream came from the bag. The man in the bag used all his strength to make the bag jump, and he Roll. ¡ The grenade exploded in the water, and the water bulged and then calmed down.¡±
Other important diaries of Japanese soldiers include: "Diary of Takashima Ichiro", "Diary of Kotaro Obara", and the diary of Nakajima Konsogo, commander of the 16th Division of the Japanese invasion force that attacked Nanjing, etc.
"Asahi Shimbun" reporter Katsuichi Honda's book "Journey to China" records massacres such as the "Hundred Killings".
Professor Kasahara Jujiji, one of the authoritative scholars in Japan who has studied the Nanjing Massacre, has provided evidence of the Nanjing Massacre many times ("Japanese Invasion of Asia"
Related events
The generals of the Chinese ** team inspected the front line
[16]
When sorting out the files, the Second Historical Archives of China found that: after the Nanjing Massacre, the Nationalist Government publicly strongly condemned it and sent people to New York, the United States, London, the United Kingdom, and Japan from December 1937 to March 1938. Tokyo, ?An action was launched to reveal the truth of the Nanjing Massacre by the Japanese army. Among them, the secret dispatch of personnel to Japan in the early spring of 1938 to reveal the truth about the Nanjing Massacre was a unique example of propaganda in the capital of an enemy country during World War II. This not only reveals a buried historical fact to the world, but also effectively refutes the claims of the Japanese right-wing forces that "the Nanjing Massacre was a lie made up by the Chinese." atrocities¡± and other fallacies.
According to Guo Biqiang, associate researcher at the museum and deputy editor-in-chief of the Archives of the Republic of China magazine, when they were sorting through the archives of the Central Propaganda Department of the Kuomintang, they discovered a secret letter from Dong Xianguang, deputy director of the Central Propaganda Department and director of the International Propaganda Department of the Kuomintang, to Chiang Kai-shek in April 1938. , the secret submission stated: The "International Propaganda Office" sent four outsiders to Japan to widely deliver the propaganda materials in English and Japanese that the International Propaganda Office had asked them to carry secretly. There are many documents describing the atrocities committed by the Japanese army, including 400 feet of footage taken by outsiders in Nanjing. Staff from various embassies in Tokyo and enlightened Japanese gentry were secretly invited to screen it several times.
Guo Biqiang said that he later discovered an English file of "Report of Three Foreign Friends' Trip to Japan". Although it was not the same file as "Dong Xianguang's Secret Submission to Chiang Kai-shek", the two were compared and the contents were actually consistent. Through this case file, I learned that the "International Propaganda Office" usually sends foreigners to carry out work due to work needs. This time, four foreigners secretly went to Japan for propaganda work, three of which were Japanese. Since they were still in the Japanese army at the time, During the massacre, it was also a clandestine operation, so none of them left their names, identities, or even genders. Another foreigner, we found the answer in Fitch's diary. Fitch (ch) was born in Suzhou, China in 1883. Before and after the fall of Nanjing, he worked at the Nanjing YMCA and was appointed as the director-general of the Nanjing Safety Zone. He wrote in his diary on January 18: He sent John Magee's film of the Japanese atrocities in Nanjing to the Shanghai Kodak Company for printing, rushed to make four sets of copies, and then showed them in churches in the American community in Shanghai. "(Miss) Morell Lester of the Commission of Inquiry (UK) happened to see a screening and she believed that if some of Japan's Christian and political leaders could see the films, they would proceed to stop hostilities several A few weeks later, she reported that she had screened it for a small group of Christian leaders in Tokyo." Judging from the time, Miss Lester's righteous act coincided with the trip of three Japanese friends to Japan, and should be the same action.
Guo Biqiang believes that the discovery of these two case files shows that the Chinese government sent personnel to Tokyo, Japan, to reveal the truth about the Nanjing Massacre. It was not only an action to reveal the truth in the capital of a hostile country, but also a close response to the atrocities of the Japanese army by the government and people of the victimized country. The most direct protest and appeal from a distance.
Number of victims
calculate
Historical photos of the Nanjing Massacre
Algorithm 1: The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, set on January 19, 1946, determined that in the first six weeks after the Japanese occupation of Nanjing, the total number of civilians and prisoners massacred in and around Nanjing reached more than 200,000. This number does not include the corpses burned by the Japanese army, or the people thrown into the Yangtze River, or disposed of in other ways. The confession of Japanese war criminal Hisao Ohta clearly stated: While carrying out brutal massacres, the Japanese army, in order to cover up their crimes, used methods such as setting fire to burn corpses and dumping corpses into the Yangtze River, and eagerly destroyed the corpses of the victims lying in the suburbs. , the total number of corpses processed reached more than 150,000 Adding these two figures together, the number of people killed in the Nanjing Massacre by the Japanese invaders was no less than 350,000;
Algorithm 2: The Nanjing military court established on February 15, 1946 to try war criminals found that there were 28 cases of collective massacres by the Japanese army in Nanjing, with more than 190,000 people massacred; 858 cases of sporadic massacres, and 150,000 bodies buried by charities. Remaining tools. Read the full text of The War of Resistance: The Founding General. According to this judgment, the number of people killed in the Nanjing Massacre by the Japanese invaders was no less than 340,000;
Algorithm 3: According to corpse burial records: Charity groups buried and destroyed 150,000 corpses by the Japanese army, and the puppet government and individuals buried 40,000 corpses. Adding up these three figures, the number of people killed in the Nanjing Massacre by the Japanese invaders was no less than 3
history record
The second page of Shanghai's "Ta Kung Pao" on February 17, 1946, was titled "The first phase of the investigation of the Nanjing Massacre ended, about 300,000 compatriots were killed", the original text is as follows:
(1) Yamamoto¡¯s troops massacred 200 people; (2) Ono¡¯s troops massacred three people at will. (3) Nakajima troops collectively massacred 263,833 people, arbitrarily massacred 366 people, assassinated 189 people, injured 20 people, raped five people, and died for resisting rape. Eight people, robbed and extorted three or two people, burned one hundred and seventy-eight people to death, and forced three people to serve. (4) Chang Guchuan's troops massacred 1,600 people, killed two people at will, extorted two people, and burned two people to death. (5) China's dispatched troops arbitrarily killed three people, extorted two people, and burned two people to death. (6) The western troops killed four people, injured two, extorted one, and burned three to death. (7) Hatanaka troops massacred 500 people and assassinated one person.?Burned two people to death. (8) The secret service arbitrarily massacred three people, assassinated one person, and burned two people to death. (9) The secret service arbitrarily massacred three people, assassinated one person, and burned one person to death. (10) The gold bar troops arbitrarily massacred two people and burned one person to death. (11) The Japanese Air Force killed six people. (12) The Japanese navy arbitrarily massacred ten people, assassinated two, burned one to death, and bombed five to death. (13) Hengkou troops massacred one person at will. (14) Two people were killed after boarding the 1629th unit, and one person was forced to serve. (15) The Jiura troops massacred thirty-eight people and injured one person. (16) Yamada¡¯s troops massacred two people at will. (17) Goto's troops tortured two people and burned one to death. (18) Troop 1625 arbitrarily massacred one person, assassinated one person, and burned two people to death. (19) The Tama troops have evidence of using prisoners as experimental materials. (20) Big Bear Troops killed three people arbitrarily. (21) The Tsukabe troops burned one person to death. (22) Shigang Plan] 294,921 people were massacred collectively, 403 people were massacred arbitrarily, 203 people were assassinated, and 42 people were tortured. 41 people were enslaved, 14 were raped, 5 were raped, 8 were raped to death, 30 were robbers, 5 were extorted, 196 were burned to death, 14 were bombed to death, and 8 were forced into service, a total of 295,890 people. The various crimes committed by enemies of businessmen and Confucians are not included. The investigation committee also sent letters to various associations to expand publicity and encourage people to report it as soon as possible. [19][20][21][22]
Japan¡¯s defense
¡°The Nanjing Massacre did not exist, everything was a normal casualty of war.¡± This is what has been said for many years.
Responsibility determination
Rabe and Nanjing Safety Zone (20 photos)
340,000 innocent Chinese men, women, and children died at the hands of the Japanese army, and billions of dollars of property were destroyed and plundered by the Japanese army. Of course, every direct perpetrator of such heinous crimes and atrocities bears legal and moral responsibility.
1. The Japanese army committed widespread murders and rapes during the massacre.
Yukio Omata, a reporter accompanying the army, reported: "There are almost no soldiers who do not rape." Another reporter from the "Mainichi Shimbun" Suzuki Jiro attended the "Tokyo Trial" to testify about the "Nanjing Hundred-Man Killing Competition" and said: "Sweeping in the city The remaining assassins. If an officer is captured, he will be tied to a willow tree and taught the new recruits how to shoot and stab as a living target. If a soldier is captured, he will be made to sit in front of the pit and beheaded. I am a private, only Stab the Chinese soldiers with bayonets." The two Japanese second lieutenants Mukai Toshi and Noda Iwa, who are well known to the world for their "murderous competition", killed 78 and 89 innocent civilians respectively when they entered Jurong County (20 kilometers away from Nanjing). When the two arrived at the Purple Mountain outside Nanjing, they had killed 105 and 106 people respectively, but they agreed to kill only 150 people. The competition between these two "murderers" was praised by Tokyo newspapers and called them warriors. However, the mastermind of the "murderous contest" was Captain Tanaka Gunyoshi, who hacked to death more than 300 Chinese people with his "treasure sword". Unfortunately, it has not yet been widely known to the world.
In fact, all Japanese officers who came to invade were "murderers", with very few exceptions. The three Japanese officers Tanaka, Mukai, and Noda are only relatively special examples. Masao Tsukagotsu, a former soldier of the Japanese Army¡¯s Twelfth Army who came to New York to attend the 50th anniversary commemoration of the July 7th Incident hosted by the North American Society for Twentieth Century Chinese History, cried bitterly at the venue and said: ¡°When I became a noncommissioned officer, I became a sergeant. He became a cavalry detachment captain with twenty-six subordinates, and was allowed to wear a Japanese sword. What is the significance of wearing a Japanese sword? If you want to kill people, there is a beheading project called trying a new sword." Tsukakoshi said, he was in In more than four years, China has killed a total of 106 Chinese people. Any platoon leader who is sent to the Chinese battlefield must kill Chinese prisoners with his sword in front of a public, usually the regimental commander, battalion commander and company commander. Otherwise, he is not qualified to be a platoon leader. Recently published in the United States, "Japan at War: An Oral History" written by the Cooks has attracted much attention from readers. The most shocking thing is that Nakajima, with the honor of Lieutenant General Division Commander, tested the sword on Chinese prisoners in Nanjing in public and cut off the heads of two prisoners of war. It can be imagined that he encouraged his subordinates to massacre our innocent people at will. New recruits sent to the Chinese battlefield need to undergo another three months of training before they can become qualified soldiers. The last training program is to stab a living person with a bayonet.
It can be seen from this that the "Nanjing Massacre" was not an isolated phenomenon. The atrocities, massacres and massacres committed by the Japanese army in China did not end or truly converge because of the "Nanjing Massacre" that shocked the world with protests.
2. Brutality is the core of Japanese military training.
The Japanese army used strict discipline, beatings, interference with life, destruction of personal dignity, and a rigid class system to create unconditional obedience, making subordinates or soldiers accept any order, not only from their superiors or those who directly gave orders, but also believed that all orders came from the great empire. The highest peak, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, the Emperor himself. Japan's cruelty and suicide are also inseparable from its geographical environment, culture, and feudal system. The idea of ??"Yamato Soul" (Japanese national spirit) is instilled in every soldier, cultivating a sense of mission and a sense of pride for the "Yamato Nation". China has been humiliated by imperialism for decades, especially the Sino-Japanese War of 1884-1894, which made the Japanese generally despise the Chinese. In the 1930s, Japan took Nazi Hitler as its teacher to enhance the Yamato nation's sense of superiority. During the "Nanjing Massacre", many Japanese officers and soldiers called the Chinese "Qing slaves" and killed them arbitrarily. Just like a person from Miyazaki PrefectureSoldiers recorded: "Killing a Chinese is like killing a cat or dog to us"; Pastor Meiqi said: "The Japanese army shot Chinese civilians on the street like hunting rabbits"; Battalion Commander Guo Qi said: "The enemy regards the lives of our compatriots as nothing more than insects and ants!" Again, plunder and expropriation are also related to the "Nanjing Massacre". Japan's seventy years of aggression against China was nothing but robbery. In wartime, planned aggression and plunder by the state are confused with criminal robbery by individuals. The Japanese army of 200,000 attacked Nanjing from Shanghai and Hangzhou Bay. Traffic was disrupted, the troops were scattered, and food could not be supplied, so "expropriation on the spot" was implemented. As the Japanese platoon leader Kazuo Sone said, their troops started "on the spot" from Taicang, thirty kilometers away from Shanghai.
Japanese atrocities (20 photos)
"Expropriation" to maintain life. Expropriation became the main activity of each army, which was carried out frequently, and quickly evolved into robbery, rape, burning and massacre. Sone also said: At that time, some troops had adopted "three-light operations", that is, "treating the enemy regardless of military and civilian Kill them all, rob all their property and resources, and burn down all the streets and villages where the people live. "
3. The issue of direct responsibility for the "Nanjing Massacre".
When Ma Ji and Tian Bolie testified at the Tokyo trial, they both concluded that the massacre was carried out with the full knowledge and consent of the Nanjing field commander and the Tokyo commander-in-chief. Bedesh said in his testimony: "In these seven weeks of chaos, we have not seen or heard of any punishment for the criminal behavior of these soldiers, let alone anyone being punished." Press The above-mentioned Japanese military order obtained at the Tokyo Trial said: "If the soldiers who participated in the war were investigated one by one, they would probably all be criminals of murder, robbery, and rape." Therefore, almost all of the 200,000 Japanese officers and soldiers who entered Nanjing were from top to bottom. He is a prisoner and is responsible for the "Nanjing Massacre". However, the Japanese army exercised layer upon layer restraint and class obedience, and it remained unchanged until Japan was defeated.
Chinese and foreign scholars mostly trace the source of the order for the "Nanjing Massacre" to one of the culprits of the Shanghai Incident in 1932, Major General Tanaka Takayoshi, who later served as the director of military affairs of the Japanese Army Ministry, in his 1948 book "History Severed: Secrets of Defeat" published by Tokyo Shinp¨sha Memories made in ". In April 1938, Lieutenant Colonel Nagayong, who served as the intelligence chief staff officer of the "Shanghai Expeditionary Force" under the command of Asaka Palace (later transferred to captain of the 74th Regiment and promoted to colonel), boasted to Tanaka that he was the commander of the army. Ordered the massacre of prisoners in the name: "Due to the rapid advance of the Yanagawa Corps that landed at Hangzhou Bay, about 300,000 Chinese soldiers were cut off from their retreat. They dropped their weapons and surrendered to me. To deal with so many prisoners, food is the biggest problem question. I immediately issued an order to all the troops under my command without authorization: All these prisoners should be killed. I used the name of the army commander to convey this order through wireless communications. The full text of the order was immediately burned. Because of this order, the massacre It¡¯s begun.¡± We really couldn¡¯t believe what Tanaka and Changyong said. A mere lieutenant colonel dared to issue orders on behalf of the commander of the Shanghai Expeditionary Force without authorization, and the orders were verbal. This would probably be impossible in any organized and disciplined army, let alone the Japanese army, which was the most class-obedient in the world at that time. According to the testimony of Sawada Masahisa, an artillery observation squad leader of the 16th Division: "The number of prisoners was about 10,000, so we reported it to the army commander, who ordered that they be shot immediately." This order obviously came from Iinuma, chief of staff of the Shanghai Expedition Army. Mamoru, because Sawada also criticized him: when he listened to Iinuma's speech in Tokyo five months ago, he also said that prisoners should be treated kindly, but now he said: "They should be shot immediately." The chief of staff is a staff member who advises the chief officer and handles daily work. Such issues concern the lives of thousands of prisoners, and he neither has the authority nor dares to handle them without authorization. Of course, the chief of staff can issue orders on behalf of the chief officer, but he must not make the final decision in dealing with such a major issue. The commander of the army, Prince Asaka Palace, was the uncle of the Japanese Emperor Hirohito. On December 2, 1937, he was appointed by the Japanese Emperor to succeed Matsui (who was promoted to the commander-in-chief of the Central China Front) as the commander of the Shanghai Expeditionary Army. On December 5, Rushing to the front line to take up his post on the same day, he was bound to communicate frequently by telephone and telegraph with the division commanders to take command nearby. According to the memories of Yoshio Kodama, the adjutant of the 38th Regiment of the 16th Division (along with the memories of Masahisa Sawada, they are all included in "Testimony: A History of the Nanjing War" (5) written by Masaki Umotomoto, August 1984 "Come Together" magazine): "When the front line of the regiment was one or two kilometers away from the city of Nanjing and they were fighting each other, the division adjutant called and said it was the division's order: 'The surrender of the Chinese soldiers cannot be accepted and will be dealt with. .'I really cannot accept this order from Division Commander Nakajima Imago. I have made suggestions to the Chief of Staff and other staff officers several times, but failed to obtain their consent, so I am also responsible." Captain of the 38th Regiment Colonel Sekawa Shizuji said in his testimony that the order to massacre the prisoners was given by the division commander. The commander of the Nakajima Division said in his diary on December 13, 1937 ("Supplementary History and Characters", Chuo Koronsha, December 1984): "Due to the policy of generally taking no prisoners, it was decided to kill about 15,000 people. , the captain of the No. 1 Squadron guarding Taiping Gate dealt with 1,300 people. Now there are about 7,000 to 8,000 people concentrated near Xianhe Gate, and prisoners are still coming." The 13th Division of the Shanghai Expeditionary Army Yamada Detachment (i.e. No.The 65th Regiment) captured more than 14,000 Chinese prisoners near Mufu Mountain in the northeast of Nanjing on December 14. After Major General Yamada's detachment leader reported the handling method, the Military Headquarters requested instructions from the Tokyo Base Camp Military Headquarters three times, and the third reply was "
Memorial Hall of the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre by the Japanese Invaders (18 photos)
"According to the responsibilities of the military headquarters," a series of "dispose of" orders were issued by the commander of Chaoxiang Palace and the division commander. The prisoners were postponed until the morning of the 19th to be mobilized to kill them all.
"In the "Nanjing Massacre", it was the 16th Division that killed the most soldiers and civilians. Followed by the Sixth Division. The Sixth Division belongs to the Tenth Army that landed in Hangzhou. The commander of its army was Lieutenant General Yanagawa Heisuke (1879-1945), one of the three generals of the Japanese Imperial Faction who supported the "February 26" coup in 1936. In his speech at the landing in Hangzhou Bay, he once said: "Mountains, rivers and vegetation are all enemies." The army's "chief of staff's attention" included "attention to the common people of China": "On the battlefield in North China, especially in Shanghai, generally Many Chinese people, even if they are old people, women or children, are spies for the enemy, informing the enemy of the location of the Japanese army, or inflicting harm on individual soldiers of the Japanese army, etc. There are examples of this, so we should not be careless and bold, and we need to pay special attention. This is especially true for rear-line troops. If these behaviors are discovered, they should not be condoned and should be dealt with decisively." (See Fujiwara Akira, "New Edition of the Nanjing Massacre", Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo, 1988). The reporter accompanying Yanagawa's Tenth Army said: The reason why Yanagawa Corps' attack was so rapid was because there was a "tacit understanding between the officers and soldiers that they could plunder and rape at will." The Sixth Division under Yanagawa's command, its division commander Lieutenant General Hisao Tani was the top general sentenced to death by the Chinese Military Court for the "Nanjing Massacre". He himself is the chief culprit.
Like Nakajima, the commander of the 16th Division, Tani killed people with a saber and raped more than ten Chinese women. Kouki Kono, a photographer accompanying the Sixth Division, once saw an order from his superiors at the headquarters of the division: "The tyranny of the Communist Party will not be tolerated. In order to crush the rampant activities of the Communist Party, it goes without saying that farmers and workers must Even women and children should be killed." No wonder the division immediately massacred the city after entering Nanjing. General Matsui Iwane, the supreme commander of the Japanese invaders during the "Nanjing Massacre", was held responsible for the crimes of the "Nanjing Massacre" at the Tokyo Trial after the war, and seven others, including Tojo Hideki, were hanged. On December 7, 1937, Matsui issued a combat order called "Nanjing City Strategy Essentials": Even if the defenders peacefully open the city, the Japanese troops must "mopping up" them separately after entering the city. Not a word was said about the issue of prisoners of war. In the name of "mopping up", not only prisoners of war and stragglers (called "defeated remnants" or "plainclothes soldiers" by the Japanese army) could be massacred, but civilians could also be massacred. On the third day after the fall of Nanjing (December 15), Matsui issued another combat order: "The two armies (Shanghai Expeditionary Army and Tenth Army) should sweep up the defeated soldiers in their respective guard areas, collect hidden weapons and military equipment, and sweep away The battlefield." The so-called "mopping up the defeated soldiers" means massacring prisoners of war and stragglers (see Li Enhan's "Issue of Massacre Responsibility of the Japanese Army in the Nanjing Massacre", published in the second issue of "Research on Japanese Invasion of China" in May 1990). The orders of Matsui and the division commanders "not to accept prisoners," "to shoot prisoners," and even "refugees" are clear. In fact, after Matsui entered the city (on the 17th), the more than 14,000 prisoners captured by the Yamada detachment in Shogunate Mountain were mobilized and killed on the morning of the 19th. Chaoxiang Gong, commander of the Shanghai Expeditionary Force, immediately stationed in Nanjing and stayed there until January of the following year. At the same time, the 16th Division took over from the 6th Division as Nanjing city defense on December 21. Not only did the number of murders, arson, rapes, and robberies failed to decrease as expected by the Japanese Deputy Consul in Nanjing, Tanaka and Pastor Meiqi, but they even intensified. The 16th Division became the unit that massacred the most soldiers and civilians in the "Nanjing Massacre".
The Consulate General of Japan in Shanghai learned of the atrocities committed by Japanese troops in Nanjing and reported it to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tokyo. Taro Ishikatsu, director of the East Asia Department of the Ministry, wrote in his diary on January 6, 1938: "Letter from Shanghai. It details the atrocities, plundering, and rape of the Japanese army in Nanjing. It is too horrible to look at. Woohoo! Is this the imperial army?" This is the true face of the 'Holy War' and the 'Imperial Army'!" (See Chen Pengren's translation of "Memoirs of Taro Shishezhu", Taipei Buffalo Book Publishing Company, 198. Since then, it has been called the "Nanjing Massacre", and it was proposed in A meeting of the affairs directors of the three provinces (land, sea and foreign affairs) warned the land and foreign ministers to stop it. Of course, the "Nanjing Massacre" was inevitably discussed at the "base camp" meeting established on November 20, 1937. The joint meeting of the base camps The meeting is attended by the Prime Minister, the Prime Minister, the Minister of Justice, the Foreign Minister, the Chief of Staff, etc., as well as the deputy heads and directors of various departments. The Prime Minister personally reports the content of the meeting to the Emperor. At the same time, the Prime Minister and the Chief of Staff often report directly to the Emperor without going through the Prime Minister.
The final decisions on major issues in Japan rest in the hands of the Emperor. Hirohito attached great importance to the attack on Nanjing, supported the war faction in the military and cabinet, expanded the war of aggression against China, and paid close attention to the progress of the Nanjing war. Moreover, he had only sent his uncle Asaka Palace to take over as the commander of the Shanghai Expeditionary Force ten days ago. On February 26 of the following year, Hirohito personally summoned Matsui Iwane, Asaka Palace and Yanagawa Heisuke, commended them for their victory in Nanjing, and each presented a pair of silver medals inlaid with royal chrysanthemums.? is a prize. There is no doubt that Hirohito's responsibility for the Nanjing Massacre is far greater than that of these three current award-winning war criminals. [24][25]
Related reports
On December 13, 1937, the "Tokyo Nichichi Shimbun" reported that two officers of the Japanese "Katagiri Force", Mukai Toshiaki and Noda Iwa, conducted a killing contest in the Purple Mountain area of ??Nanjing.
On December 18, 1937, New York Times reporter Dee Deding published his first report from Nanjing.
On December 28, 1937, a Shanghai English newspaper reported on the mass massacre in Nanjing by the Japanese invaders: "The corpses of innocent residents in the city covered the streets. At the city gate near the river, corpses were piled into a mountain, as high as one meter. Cars Trucks came and went over the bodies."
"Illustrated Weekly" (published on October 1, 1943) recorded the atrocities of the Nanjing Massacre by the Japanese invaders. ¡ª¡ªThe original document is stored in the Second Historical Archives of China
In April 1985 and June 1988, Mr. Deding visited Nanjing twice and visited the Memorial Hall for the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre by the Japanese Invaders.
The driving force behind the scenes
12¡¤13¡ª¡ªHistorical Exhibition of the Nanjing Massacre by the Japanese Invaders (7 photos)
On December 13, 1937, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing, and what followed was a disaster in which 300,000 Chinese compatriots were brutally murdered. Akira Muto was one of the chief culprits in creating this disaster. During the Kwantung Army's invasion of Northeast China, in order to achieve the purpose of splitting China and occupying Suiyuan, they planned the establishment of the puppet "Mongolian military government" by King De. However, King De failed because Fu Zuoyi of the Chinese Communist Party launched the Suiyuan War of Resistance. Akira Muto participated in the entire process of the Suiyuan incident, took part in the aftermath, and directed King De to retreat to preserve his strength. In 1937, Akira Muto was transferred to the post of Section Chief of the Third Section of the Kwantung Army Staff Department, responsible for formulating combat plans, establishing military depots, and organizing soldiers.
On July 7, 1937, marked by the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, Japan launched a full-scale war of aggression against China. For Akira Muto, this was like taking a stimulant. He couldn't wait to call Colonel Kawabe, who was the head of the second section of the Kwantung Army Staff Department at the time, and said: "A happy thing happened!" But after the war began, the Japanese Army There were differences of opinion in the General Staff Headquarters regarding war guidance, and a dispute broke out between the "expansionists" and the "non-expansionists". The so-called "non-expansionists" are just considering the strategy of "moving north" and hope to have more troops to prepare for war with the Soviet Union in the future, so they hope to temporarily limit the invasion of China to a certain area; while the "expansionists" Based on the strategic consideration of "moving south", they hope to occupy all of China with a quick victory and then expand to the Pacific region. Akira Muto was a major member of the "expansion faction" and firmly advocated the immediate expansion of the war of aggression against China, sending troops not only to North China but also to Qingdao and Shanghai. In the end, the opinions of Akira Muto and others prevailed, and Japan's war of aggression soon spread across China. Muto Akira was also appreciated by the General Staff Headquarters for proposing a plan to expand the war of aggression against China, and made an exception for him to go to the imperial palace to pay an audience with the emperor.
Muto Akira not only proposed the idea of ??expanding the war of aggression against China, but also practiced it and became a pioneer in expanding the war of aggression against China. After the "August 13th" incident, the Japanese army attacked Shanghai, but encountered stubborn resistance from the Chinese Communist Party and did not achieve the goal of a quick victory. Therefore, Muto Akira proposed to send troops to land in Hangzhou Bay. After his suggestions were adopted, the Japanese army's plan to capture Shanghai succeeded. Because of his meritorious service, he was appointed deputy chief of staff of the Central China Front. After Muto Akira took up his new post, he proposed an immediate attack on Nanjing. December 1, 1937
Remember the history
Emperor Hirohito was a man rich in modern knowledge. Before he succeeded to the throne, he traveled in Europe and was particularly attracted to British society and the royal family. He should understand the existence of humanitarianism and international public law that Britain flaunted in modern times; there is no need to review the treaty of Japan as one of the signatories. The Hague Convention II of 1899 and the Geneva Convention on Land War of 1929. Emperor Hirohito and ordinary Japanese will understand that prisoners and non-combatants who lay down their weapons should be protected and must not be killed. Otherwise, why have the Japanese government and military kept concealing the "Nanjing Massacre" from the Japanese people?
It can be seen that when the Japanese do not have the corresponding strength, they adopt a confusing method to learn and improve themselves. Once they feel that they are strong enough to challenge any object of their ambition, they will take off their disguise and expose themselves. Real beastiality, so for us, we must always remain vigilant and combat-ready against Japan, and always set them as our imaginary enemies. Always remember that they are our enemies, and always remember the brutal behavior of these people who are deliberately trying to overthrow history. [30][31][32]
? commemorative activities
Nanjing citizens commemorate the 73rd anniversary of the victims of the massacre (13 photos)
In order to commemorate this tragedy that shocked the world, in 1985, the people of Nanjing built a memorial hall for the victims of the Nanjing Massacre by the Japanese invaders at Jiangdongmen, one of the sites where the Japanese army massacred Chinese people. A large number of memorials were displayed in the exhibition hall. Information, documents, charts, photos and objects reveal the atrocities of killing, burning, raping and looting committed by the Japanese invaders after they occupied Nanjing. In addition, other massacre sites such as YanziFifteen monuments have been erected at sites such as Jiji, Caoxie Gorge, Zhongshan Wharf, Hanzhong Gate, and outside the Zhonghua Gate where the bodies of the victims were buried.
At 10 a.m. on December 13, a shrill siren rang over Nanjing. Representatives from relevant central and national departments, provinces and municipalities from all walks of life, representatives of the troops stationed in Ning, and foreign friends who came to Ning specially visited the assembly square of the Memorial Hall of the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre by the Japanese Invaders to commemorate the 300,000 compatriots who were killed in the Nanjing Massacre by the Japanese Invaders. The 70th Anniversary of the Massacre and the Completion Ceremony of the Expansion Project of the Memorial Hall¡±. [33]
The movie of the same name
Ms. Zhang Chunru and "Nanjing" (12 photos)
Movie: "The Massacre of Nanjing"
Director: annepick, bill, Zhang Chunru
Starring: Zheng Qihui
Type: Documentary plot
Year: 2007
Region: Canada
language: English
?Length: 90 minutes
Movie introduction
"Chen Ru Zhang", a documentary produced by the Canadian independent film company Truth Documentary Productions (reproduced, co-directed by Pick and Bill), is under intense production and is scheduled to be released globally at the end of the year. The film explains how this young female writer deeply explores a dark story. Human history, and restore it into words, writing a shocking best-seller. The film will also vividly reveal Zhang Chunru¡¯s journey of restoring the historical truth, so that the world can learn about this historical fact and gain insights from this determined and brave woman. Inspiration.[34][35][36][37][38] - Didn't finish reading? Add this book to your favoritesI'm a member and bookmarked this chapterCopy the address of this book and recommend it to your friends for pointsChapter error? Click here to report
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