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- . A brief introduction to Wang Jingwei, the great Han nationality criminal-
Reposted from Baidu
Wang Jingwei, also known as Wang Zhaoming, had the courtesy name Jixin and his pen name Jingwei, so he was often called "Wang Jingwei" in history. All chapters of The War of Resistance: The Founding General once plotted to assassinate the Qing regent Zaifeng, and went to France to study during the reign of Yuan Shikai. After returning to China, in 1919, under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen, he founded the magazine "Construction" in Shanghai. In 1921, Sun became the Extraordinary President in Guangzhou, and Wang served as the Guangdong Provincial Education Chairman, Guangdong Government Advisor, and the General Councilor the following year. He defected to Japan during the Anti-Japanese War and died of "myeloma" in Nagoya, Japan during the Han Dynasty. His wife is Chen Bijun.
Chinese name:
Wang Jingwei
Country of Citizenship:
China
place of birth:
Sanshui, Guangdong
date of birth:
May 4, 1883
Date of death:
November 10, 1944
graduated school:
Japan University of Political Science and Law
? Birthplace:
Wuyuan, Jiangxi
basic information
Family location: Haoxian Street, Panyu County, Guangdong Province (now Guangzhou City).
Birthplace: Sanshui County Office (now Hekou Town, Sanshui District, Foshan City, Guangdong Province).
Description: Former vice president of the Chinese Kuomintang and leader of the pro-Japanese faction
Education: Provincial top scholar, Japan University of Political Science and Law, studied in France after the success of the Revolution of 1911
Family situation: There are 9 brothers and sisters in total. My mother died of illness when I was 13 years old, and my father died of illness when I was 14 years old.
The two biggest decisions in life:
The first time: Assassination of the Manchu Regent.
The second time: defecting to Japan to establish the puppet Nationalist Government.
Character experience
In 1903, he went to Japan at official expense. During the debate between bourgeois revolutionaries and reformists in 1906, he published a series of articles to promote revolutionary ideas and criticize the Qing government and reformists, which had a positive impact. In 1907, he went to Southeast Asia with Sun Yat-sen. In March 1910, he plotted to blow up the Qing regent Zaifeng, but was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment. After the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, Wang was released from prison and met Yuan Shikai. Organized the "National Freemasonry" with Yang Du and called for a truce and peace. In December, he served as the Southern Peace Counselor, participated in the North-South peace talks, advocated that Sun Yat-sen give up power, and elected Yuan Shikai as the interim president. During Yuan Shikai's reign, he went to France to study. After returning to China, in 1919, under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen, he founded the magazine "Construction" in Shanghai. In 1921, Sun became the Extraordinary President in Guangzhou, and Wang served as the Guangdong Provincial Education Chairman, Guangdong Government Advisor, and the General Councilor the following year. From 1922 to 1923, Sun Yat-sen was preparing to reorganize the Kuomintang of China, and Wang Jingwei opposed Communist Party members joining the Kuomintang. In January 1924, the First National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang was held, and Wang Jingwei was elected as a member of the Central Executive Committee and Minister of Propaganda. In March 1925, Sun was critically ill, and Wang Jingwei drafted a will on his behalf. After Sun Yat-sen died of illness, the Guangdong government was reorganized in July 1925, and Wang Jingwei was elected chairman of the Standing Committee of the National Government and chairman of the Military Committee. After Chiang Kai-shek launched the April 12 coup in Shanghai, Wang Jingwei also launched the July 15 coup in Wuhan on July 15, killing the communists and revolutionary masses. In November 1928, Chen Gongbo and others established a reorganization faction in Shanghai, and Wang Jingwei was elected as the leader. In 1930, Wang joined forces with Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan, and Li Zongren to fight against Chiang Kai-shek. After the failure, he fled to Hong Kong. In 1931, Wang Jingwei united various anti-Chiang forces and established a new National Government in Guangdong. After the September 18th Incident, the people of the country unanimously demanded that all political parties jointly resist Japan. Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei cooperated again. In 1935, Wang was stabbed and seriously injured. After the Xi'an Incident in 1936, he prepared to take the opportunity to replace Chiang Kai-shek and take power. After Chiang Kai-shek returned to Nanjing, Wang Jingwei became chairman of the Kuomintang Political Committee. When the Anti-Japanese War broke out in July 1937, Wang Jingwei was elected vice chairman of the Supreme Council of National Defense, vice president of the Kuomintang, and chairman of the National Council for Political Participation. The party and political power were all under Chiang Kai-shek. In December, he fled to Vietnam, released a "sexual message" and openly surrendered to Japan. In May 1939, Wang Jingwei and others went to Japan to implement the basic policy of "good neighborliness with Japan". In December, he signed the "Outline for the Adjustment of New Japan-China Relations" with the Japanese secret service, at the expense of selling the country's territorial sovereignty in exchange for Japan's establishment of a puppet state on it. The support of the regime. In March 1940, Wang Jingwei's puppet national government was formally established in Nanjing, and Wang served as "Executive President" and "National Chairman". In November 1944, he died of illness in Nagoya, Japan.
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Wang Jingwei¡¯s father, Wang Shengzhai, was an unsuccessful scholar and went to Guangdong to work as an aide when he was young. The salary is not high, but externally they have to maintain the dignity of an official family and live a poor life. When Wang Jingwei was 13 or 14 years old, his parents broke up one after another, so he had to live with his half-brother Wang Zhaoyong. "I depended on him for food and clothing."
Losing your mother at a young age is a very sad thing, but the life of "the eldest brother is the father and the sister-in-law is the mother" adds to this sadness. From Wang Jingwei's later memories, we can see the sadness in his soul.
"It makes my mother sad to mention it. I think herAll my life, I have just been immersed in the word "worry". The difficulties of family finances and the idleness in the family still appear in front of my eyes every time." (Note: See "Wang Jingwei's Autobiography", quoted from Wen Shaohua's "Biography of Wang Jingwei", Jilin Literature and History Publishing House Society, 1988 edition.)
In 1922, Wang asked Wen Youju to draw "Morning Class in the Autumn Courtyard", for which he made the following title:
"The picture on the right shows Zhaoming as a child. At that time, Zhaoming was nine years old. He would practice calligraphy in the courtyard on every day, and his mother would watch over him, taking it as a normal thing every day His father was from a poor family, so even though he was old, he was still a guest in Lufeng Sometimes I see my mother dead, sitting there with tears in her eyes. Although my heart is sad and uneasy, I don't understand how painful it is to think of my loving mother far away. The hen crows, and I care for the old father, caressing the weak ones, taking care of household affairs, rice, salt and trivial matters. I don't care about my heart, and I often don't sleep at night Sometimes I see my mother sighing slightly, searching the suitcase for clothes, asking for money and selling fruits and food; when relatives and friends arrive, she is eager to talk to each other, and seems to have nothing to worry about The labor is too much, and I can't It¡¯s a sad man that he will live out his life!¡±
Wang Jingwei is proficient in the "Four Books and Five Classics" and is a scholar. When speaking, he pays great attention to covering up the resentment and sorrow in his heart with a veil of tenderness. However, the above two paragraphs still reveal the infinite sadness after the death of his parents. The words about missing my mother so much seem to reflect the dissatisfaction and hardship after my mother's death.
Generally speaking, naughty children can be tolerated by their parents; while younger siblings always feel restrained and less intimate in front of their elder brothers and sisters-in-law. Brothers and sisters-in-law can only tolerate docile and submissive younger siblings. Wang Jingwei's eldest brother Wang Zhaoyong traveled to Lechang in northern Guangdong. He was a Taoist scholar. He had a strong idea of ??"hoping for his younger brother to become a dragon". He was extremely strict with his younger brother and did not make any false claims, which made Wang Jingwei feel that he was easily offended. (Note: See "Wang Puppet Ten Han Ji¨¡n" by Huang Meizhen et al., Shanghai People's Publishing House, page 3.)
Wang Jingwei lives in such a restrictive family environment, with very little joy. This kind of situation is not just a day or two, but a long time and a long time, which plays a role in shaping Wang Jingwei's character. In this way, Wang Jingwei developed a personality of cowardice, inferiority, and indecisiveness from an early age. Ranking list of urban rebirth novels
Let¡¯s take a look at the cultural atmosphere of the Wang family.
Although the Wang family is not rich or can be said to be poor, it is a scholarly family. His grandfather Wang Manting was a civil servant and served as a tutor in Suichang; his father Wang Shengzhai served as a staff member throughout his life; his eldest brother Zhaoyong was a civil servant and served as a master of Lechang. In such a family, the cultural atmosphere of Confucianism is relatively strong. Wang Jingwei studied with his parents when he was young and received traditional feudal education. He "learned literature, history and economics from Zhang Meixuan in Lechang County". The family climbed up along the old path of scholars in the feudal era. In March 1902, Wang Jingwei participated in the Guangzhou Prefectural Examination and won the first place in the scholar examination; his second brother and a nephew also ranked second or third in the same subject. There are two generations and three scholars in the family, which can be said to be "double beauty on jade peaks, three flowers on pearl trees". (Note: I have read Shaohua¡¯s "Biography of Wang Jingwei" and first seek fame and gain. Of course, the cultural atmosphere of Confucianism is very strong, and belief in Confucius and Mencius is very pious. In Confucianism, there are both "benevolence, wisdom, and courage", such as Zilu There are strong factors such as "when a gentleman dies, he will inevitably win the crown"; there are also factors such as "gentleness, courtesy, thrift and concessions", "forgiveness", "forgiveness" and other factors. From the perspective of Wang's life experience and path to fame, Wang accepts "respect" and "forgiveness" more. "The influence of other thoughts.
Thirdly, Wang Jingwei¡¯s teaching experience also had a great impact on his life.
After becoming a scholar, his second brother died of illness, and Wang Jingwei's family was in dire straits, so he had to work as "Mr. Confucius" in the family of Guangdong Navy Admiral Li Zhun. When you work as a private tutor in a big bureaucrat's house, you must be cautious and follow the rules to your boss; to your students, you must show the sanctimonious appearance of an orthodox Confucian scholar. Life in a teaching school is very difficult. It is true that "parents who have few classes are dissatisfied with laziness, and students who have done more work become enemies." This kind of life tempers people's character to be docile and cowardly.
The above-mentioned conditions created Wang Jingwei¡¯s personality characteristics of cowardice, inferiority, and indecisiveness. On the other hand, Wang Jingwei was highly talented and intelligent since he was a child. He entered a private school at the age of five and "had already developed the habit of reading well" at the age of eight. The teacher said that "his writing is majestic and horizontal, and may be a great weapon that can turn the world around" (Note: See and hear Shaohua's "Biography of Wang Jingwei", page 5.). He achieved fame and fortune from the beginning, and became a scholar. In 1904, he was admitted to the Liuzhou University. Japanese official Feisheng participated in the founding of the Tongmenghui in 1905, embarked on the road of professional revolution, and had the opportunity to join the upper class of society. However, the personal imprint left by family and experiences in childhood will always be faintly painful throughout life.
So how to understand Wang Jingwei¡¯s bravery when he plotted to assassinate the regent Zaifeng?
After the establishment of the Tongmenghui, the armed uprisings led by Sun Yat-sen failed many times, and the revolution encountered many difficulties. At the same time, Tao Chengzhang and Zhang Binglin within the revolutionary faction also had conflicts and splits with Sun Yat-sen.
Sun Yat-sen was a persevering revolutionary who was able to command decisively in the face of difficulties. At the Causeway Conference held in Los Angeles, USA, in February 1910, Sun Yat-sen made the decision to temporarily suspend immature uprising activities and instead build up strength. (Note: See Wang Fumin's "Detailed Biography of Sun Yat-sen", Radio and Television Press Edition, Chapter 47, Tao,Then expose its fallacy.
Wang Jingwei did not view the situation correctly, but was worried about gains and losses. When the revolution was difficult, he easily went to extremes and tried to solve the problem through assassination, so he planned to assassinate Zaifeng. This is actually a rash decision to go to the other extreme based on the personality characteristics of cowardice and inferiority.
After the assassination of Zaifeng, Wang Jingwei's cowardly and inferior character developed again.
Wang Jingwei was arrested for a failed assassination attempt and should have been sentenced to death according to law, but was later sentenced to life imprisonment. After the Wuchang Uprising, the Qing government was forced to release political prisoners, and Wang was also released. He wrote a poem in prison: "Singing generously to the city of Yan, being a prisoner of Chu calmly; using the sword to make a quick move, living up to the youth's head". But due to the late festival, no one has memorized this poem!
Wang escaped death and was lucky enough to be freed. After being released from prison, his original personality traits became even stronger.
First, after all, there is only one life for a person. If you survive a desperate situation, you will inevitably cherish the second life. The fear of gaining and losing it will breed the emotion of love for life and fear of death. When you think of being arrested, you will have the words "Don't look back at Yantai. The state of mind where the brambles and hazel trees are scattered in the cold smoke.
Second, it is inevitable to feel grateful for the clean house. He once said: It was Prince Su who saved my life. Whenever I recall this time, I always think of the great statesman in the late Qing Dynasty. (Note: Quoted from "The Biography of Wang Jingwei" by Wen Shaohua, page 26.)
Third, he is still a revolutionary, and his original intention to support Sun Yat-sen has not changed.
As a result, he fell into a dilemma and felt a low and negative mood. The sentence "Why bother to fry the beans even more" appeared in the poem, which gave rise to a compromising mentality.
In November 1911, Wang Jingwei and Yang Du organized the "State Affairs Co-promotion Meeting" to stop fighting the Qing court and turn to reconciliation; they then organized the "Advancing Morality Meeting", claiming to be aloof and apolitical. He went to France in August 1912, saying that he was tired of the revolutionary activities in the country. During the "Second Revolution", Wang returned to China and advocated mediating between the two sides, seeking compromise from Yuan Wei and giving up his revolutionary responsibilities. After the "Second Revolution", his cowardly and inferior character developed further, and he entered what he called his "break period". He traveled to Europe and the United States several times, "engaged in literary work, and translated many poems at the time." Most of them were afraid of contradictions and avoided Poems about struggle and unrestrained landscapes. The domestic political situation was changing, and Sun Yat-sen was fighting a life-and-death struggle with Yuan Shikai. Wang had never been heard of in France, and he seemed to be separated from him in a lifetime. Its negativity and depression can be seen from this. It was not until Sun Yat-sen's first Dharma Protector in 1917 that Wang returned to China and then went to France. In October 1920, he was summoned by Sun to return to China to participate in the second Dharma Protector led by Sun. Only then did he break the negative situation and rejoin the revolutionary torrent led by Sun Yat-sen. .
In short, after the assassination incident, Wang's cowardly, low self-esteem, and indecisive character developed and became his hindrance in the subsequent revolutionary process.
Revolutionary career
In July 1905, he met with Sun Yat-sen, joined the Tongmenghui, and participated in drafting the Tongmenghui constitution. In August, he was elected as the Chairman of the Review Department of the League of Nations. Later, under the pseudonym "Jingwei", he published a series of articles in Minbao such as "The Trend of the National Revolution of the Nation" and "Refutation of the Theory that Revolution Can Call for Partition" to promote the Three People's Principles and denounce the royalists such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. Fallacy, praised by Sun.
After graduating in June 1906, he refused the request of Cen Chunxuan, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, to return to serve in the country (for Japanese translation, he could receive a monthly remuneration of 50 to 60 yuan, which not only satisfied his own life, but also helped his friends). In early 1907, under the pressure of the Qing government, the Japanese government followed Sun to Nanyang to organize a branch of the Tongmenghui, and served as one of the chief writers of the Nanyang Revolutionary Party's Zhongxing Daily to engage in debate with the royalist Nanyang General Report.
In 1908, he went to Myanmar to set up the Yangon branch of the Tongmenghui. In March, Wang Jingwei met Chen Bijun, the daughter of Chen Gengji, a wealthy overseas Chinese, in Penang, Malaya. Later, he participated in the preparation of the Nanyang branch of the Tongmenghui in Singapore and raised revolutionary funds.
In October 1909, he came to Japan from Nanyang and served as the editor-in-chief of "Min Bao". He secretly resumed publication of "Min Bao" No. 25-26.
In January 1910, he arrived in Beijing with Huang Fusheng and others, opened the Shouzhen Photography Studio, and secretly planned to assassinate the regent Zaifeng. He was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment. While in prison, he was initially determined to serve his country with his death, and wrote a poem, "Introducing the sword to make a quick move, living up to the youth's head", which was widely recited for a while. After that, Prince Su was softened by his kindness, and his artistic conception changed. After the Wuchang Uprising, Yuan Shikai was released from prison and served as counselor to Wu Tingfang, the general representative of the Southern People's Army for peace talks. Secretly adhering to Yuan's wishes, he organized the National Freemasonry with Yang Du, a member of the constitutional monarchy party, and advocated that the revolution and constitutionalism factions jointly support Yuan. Achieve the reunification of the North and the South. In December, he and Li Shizeng set up the Beijing-Tianjin Bao Branch of the Tongmenghui in Tianjin and served as the head of the branch to prevent the northern revolutionaries from launching an uprising. On the eve of the establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Government in January 1912, Sun Yat-sen drafted the inauguration declaration of the Provisional Presidential Palace on his behalf. Later, he stayed to work by Sun's side, urged Sun to abdicate to Yuan, and participated in the delegation that went north to welcome Yuan. After Wang Jingwei put forward the "six no's principles" of "not being an official, not being a member of the parliament, not prostitution, not gambling, not taking concubines, and not taking opium", Chen Bijun held the wedding ceremony in August.??Chen Bijun went to France to study together, and returned to China several times, but he remained aloof from politics.
After the "Second Revolution" began in 1913, he was urgently recalled to the country by Sun Yat-sen. After the failure of the revolution, he fled to France.
In 1914, Sun Yat-sen established the Chinese Revolutionary Party in Japan, and Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing broke up. This incident was not only tragic, but also a turning point, but it was a pity that Wang Jingwei did not realize it.
In December 1915, Yuan Shikai returned to China to participate in the "Three Revolutions" after proclaiming himself emperor. In 1915, the first volume of "Novel Sea" published an article signed by Wang Jingwei and signed by Ji Xin, titled "A New Commentary on the Dream of Red Mansions". In this article, Wang Jingwei proposed that the main purpose of "A Dream of Red Mansions" is "family influence." Before this, people mostly read "A Dream of Red Mansions" with what Mr. Wang Guowei called a "textual research eye", focusing on researching who the characters in the novel were. Few people interpreted it from the perspective of "family revolution". The appearance of this article can be said to be the last step in the empty valley. From then on, there was a "family influence theory" in the interpretation of "Dream of Red Mansions" in Red Studies.
After returning to China in 1917, he participated in the movement to protect the law. In 1919, he participated in the founding of "Construction" magazine in Shanghai.
In 1921, he served as senior adviser to the Guangdong Revolutionary Government and president of the Education Association. The following year, he served as a counselor at the Kuomintang headquarters and participated in the reorganization of the Kuomintang.
In January 1924, he was appointed by Sun Yat-sen as a member of the presidium of the National Congress of the Kuomintang, was elected as a member of the Central Executive Committee, and later served as the Propaganda Minister of the Central Committee. In November, he followed Sun to Beijing and served as secretary.
In February 1925, when Sun was critically ill, he was ordered to record Sun's will. After Sun's death, he appeared as a "leftist" supporting the three major policies and a follower of Sun. On June 26, Wang Jingwei held a central political meeting of the Kuomintang. At the meeting, it was determined that the title of Prime Minister of the Kuomintang would always be reserved for Sun Yat-sen. From now on, the Kuomintang would adopt a committee system under collective leadership. The meeting also decided to abolish the administrative agency of the Generalissimo's Office during Sun Yat-sen's lifetime and rename the highest administrative agency of the Kuomintang to the National Government.
On July 1, 1925, the National Government was formally established, and he served as Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National Government, Chairman of the Military Committee, and Minister of Propaganda. On July 2, Wang Jingwei solemnly announced at the celebration ceremony for the founding of the National Government attended by 100,000 soldiers and civilians in Guangzhou: "The current primary task of the National Government is to launch the Northern Expedition and unify China."
In January 1926, he was elected as a member of the Standing Committee of the Central Executive Committee at the Second National Congress of the Kuomintang. After the "Zhongshan Ship Incident" occurred, he was forced to resign and fled France. Wang Jingwei left France in late February 1927 and returned to China by train via the Soviet Union. When Wang Jingwei passed through Moscow, Stalin specially met with the leftist leader of the Kuomintang. He returned to China in April and served as chairman of the National Government in Wuhan. He once fought for power with Chiang Kai-shek, who had rebelled against the revolution. On April 5, Wang and Chen jointly issued a "Joint Declaration of Leaders of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party Wang Zhaoming and Chen Duxiu". On April 18, the National Government in Nanjing was established, and Chiang Kai-shek invited Hu Hanmin, a veteran revolutionary in the Kuomintang, to serve as Chairman of the National Government, Chiang Kai-shek himself served as Chairman of the Communist Party and Commander-in-Chief of the National Revolutionary Army. The Kuomintang openly split into two governments: "Han" and "Ning". On July 15th, he implemented the "division of the Communist Party" in Wuhan and joined forces with Chiang Kai-shek. However, he continued to fight openly and secretly with Chiang Kai-shek. Both Chiang Kai-shek and Hu Hanmin resigned from office. Wang Jingwei was also telegraphed to step down from office on September 13th. On December 16th, he announced his retirement from politics. statement, and went to France with Chen Bijun. After returning to China in 1929, he issued an order in the name of the "Joint Meeting of the Second Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang" and issued letters of appointment and serial numbers to all "protecting the party and rescuing the Communist Party". On New Year's Day in 1931, Wang Jingwei issued a resignation statement in Tianjin. Under Wang Jingwei's auspices, the Guangzhou National Government was established on May 28, denying the Nanjing National Government's legitimate "18th Incident" and completely changing the course of Chinese history. Chiang Kai-shek was forced by the situation , released Hu Hanmin from house arrest, and sent Cai Yuanpei and Zhang Ji to Guangzhou to discuss peace with his personal letter to Wang Jingwei. The Fourth Plenary Session of the Fourth Central Committee was held in Nanjing to reorganize the National Government, and the Guangzhou government was immediately abolished. He served as a member of the Special Committee of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang. , member of the National Government, President of the Executive Yuan and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Vice Chairman of the Supreme Council for National Defense, Vice President of the Kuomintang, etc.
In the early days of the democratic revolution, Wang Jingwei had meritorious service. After the Tongmenghui was established in 1905, he was the main writer of Minbao. He wrote many articles such as "National People's Republic of China" to refute Liang Qichao's royalist fallacies and create public opinion for the revolution. The second is to develop organizations and fundraise throughout Southeast Asia. The third was to plot to assassinate the regent Zaifeng, which greatly shocked the Manchu Qing court. Fourth, after returning to the army in 1920, he did a lot of organizational and propaganda work, participated in the preparations for the "National Congress" of the Chinese Kuomintang, followed Sun Yat-sen northward in 1925, and became the drafter of Sun Yat-sen's "Will".
However, based on his character, Wang Jingwei showed serious compromise in his subsequent political activities. This is his Achilles heel.
After the death of Mr. Zhongshan, Liao, Hu and Wang all became leaders. Because of his leftist connections, Liao did not receive support from the right wing of the Kuomintang. Hu was one of the "four governors" in the early Republic of China, and he was also the acting commander-in-chief. It seemed logical that he would become the chairman of the National Government; but he had no regard for ordinary people.??The "Liu Yang Rebellion" was not effective, and he did not get the support of Xu Chongzhi. In addition, he was usually sarcastic and prone to swearing. There was a lot of resentment in the party and his support rate was low. Wang Jingwei supported the "three major policies" after the "First Congress". He was humble and diplomatic, good at conciliation, and able to play both sides. He gained support from the left while avoiding hostility from the right, so he was promoted as the chairman of the Guangdong National Government. This is not due to political strength, but to opportunities and circumstances. There is an element of vulnerability implicit in this.
In March 1926, Chiang Kai-shek took advantage of the "Zhongshan Ship Incident" to stage a coup. Chiang ignored Wang's status as Chairman of the National Government and Chairman of the Military Commission and killed Wang first and then reported it, embarrassing Wang. Wang realized: "I am the Chairman of the State Council and the Chairman of the Military Commission, and Jieshi acted like this without notifying me at all. Isn't this a rebellion? The next day, Wang wanted to ask Zhu Peide and Li Jishen to detain Chiang Kai-shek, but he could not do it. Afterwards, he felt that his prestige was damaged. In May, he left Guangzhou secretly in the name of "relocating for medical treatment." Later he laughed at himself, saying, "I blame myself but not others, so I took the blame and resigned." This was a sign of political incompetence and compromise.
In the subsequent political struggles, due to his weak character and lack of strength, Wang Jingwei often went abroad or was hospitalized for rest when he encountered disadvantages. In December 1927, while Wang was in Guangzhou, the Kuomintang took advantage of the opportunity to launch the "Guangzhou Uprising." Wang was criticized by various factions of the Kuomintang, so he announced his retirement and quietly left the country. In July 1932, Wang issued a telegram in the name of the Executive Yuan to pressure Zhang Xueliang to march into Rehe, but Zhang refused to obey. The conflict between Wang and Zhang intensified, and in October he took sick leave to go to Germany for medical treatment.
The years of Han Dynasty
After the September 18th Incident, Wang found an opportunity to cooperate with Chiang. Ranking of Imaginary Historical Novels On January 28, 1932, the day when President Wang took office as President of the Executive Yuan, the "January 28" Incident broke out in Shanghai. The Japanese imperialists provoked troubles and gave Wang a decisive blow.
The Nineteenth Route Army rose up to resist, and the people of the country were united and united in their hatred of the enemy. People's support is available and morale is high.
Wang Jingwei was besieged by fear of Japan from the beginning. He was overwhelmed by the coercion of the Japanese emperor. He only saw the strength of Japan, but could not see the advantages of China's Yamato Dedotsu. He believed: "It should be noted that for decades, China's military economy has been materially backward and has been persistently backward. Needless to say, even the organization is naive and imperfect." (Note: See "The Biography of Wang Jingwei", Chapter 12. Afraid of war, and tried its best to negotiate for peace. In May 1932, with the consent of Chiang and Wang, the Nationalist Government signed an agreement with Japan that was a loss of power and an insult to the country. The "Songhu Armistice Agreement".
From May to June 1935, he approved the "Ho-Mei Agreement" and the "Qin-Turk Agreement", handing over the sovereignty of North China. Public opinion was in an uproar. Even his children opposed him serving as foreign minister, lest he "bear the sole responsibility of treason." . Wang Jingwei was very sad after hearing this, and said with tears: "Who among the smart people is willing to be the Minister of Foreign Affairs nowadays!" (Note: See "Wang Puppet Ten Han Dynasty", page 54.)
After the "July 7" Incident in 1937, the all-out war of resistance broke out. At first, Wang Jingwei did not dare to publicly promote the surrender argument. In his "Last Moment" speech on July 29, he put on a show of grandeur. In fact, he was very timid in his heart, but secretly hinted that the war of resistance would be defeated. He said that the war of resistance was like "jumping into a pit of fire." The subtext was, "There is no hope of saving the country, so we have no choice but to jump into a pit of fire." (Note: Huang Meizhen, "Wang Jingwei Group Surrenders to the Enemy", Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1984 edition. Page 191.)
By August 3, Wang could no longer suppress his emotions. He said: Zhang Ti said, "When Wu fell, no one died. Isn't it humiliating?" He knew that he could not save Wu from falling, but he only tried his best to die, but he thought that after he died, everyone who was not dead would also die. Being a slave and a slave, how can one rest in peace to the end? This is not the solution. Wang's implication is: "It's not worth dying." He also said: "What about He? We will suffer losses, so we should honestly admit the losses and ask for compensation after the losses." (Note: Huang Meizhen, "Wang Jingwei Group Surrenders to the Enemy", Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1984 edition. Chapter 17 The context of this sentence is also interspersed with words such as "fighting" and "resistance", and the mentality of "seeking peace" and "surrender" is very obvious.
Under the influence of fear of Japan, Wang Jingwei tried every means to find opportunities for "peace".
In October 1937, Todman came forward to mediate Sino-Japanese relations, which played into Wang's wish. The two "talked casually", and he believed that "peace was possible" and had no enthusiasm for war against Japan.
In December 1938, at the Hankou Supreme National Defense Conference, Wang presided over the 54th Standing Committee meeting and passed a resolution accepting the conditions proposed by Japan, inciting Kong Xiangxi to sign the armistice conditions proposed by Japan. (Note: See "The Biography of Wang Jingwei", page 134.)
In October 1938, when he met with reporters from Haitong News Agency and Reuters, he stated that "the door to the armistice has not been closed." He ignored the vigorous war of resistance and was obsessed with peace. (Note: Huang Meizhen, "Wang Jingwei Group Surrenders to the Enemy", Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1984 edition. Pages 189-190.)
Wang Jingwei later said in retrospect: "I have expressed my opinions on finding peace so many times in meetings. They were lost in Guangzhou and burned in Changsha. My opinions are even more resolute and I am even more hopeful that they will be realized." (Note: See "Wang Jingwei") Biography, page 146.)
FearIn Wang Jingwei's mind, Japan and Japan are by no means two days in a day, but are caused by a cowardly and inferior personality. They are frozen three feet, not in one day.
Zhou Fohai planned the "Chongguangtang Agreement" between Gao Zongwu and Mei Siping and the Japanese Imai Takeo and Inukai Ken. Wang didn't know it at first. When Zhou and Mei expressed their merits to Wang Jingwei and Chen Bijun with a secret agreement that "Japan recognizes Wang Jingwei's leadership of the peace movement," Wang felt as if he had obtained a treasure and felt at ease that it was better to seek peace and survive than to die in the war. From then on, he slipped into the abyss of flattering the enemy and betraying the country.
Wang Jingwei was indecisive and was manipulated by his "pro-Japanese" elements. In order to finally realize his personal will to seize the highest power within the Kuomintang and realize his "political proposition" of "peace with Japan", he accelerated the pace of flattering the enemy and surrendering to Japan.
The most important people around Wang Jingwei are Chen Bijun and Zhou Fohai.
Chen Bijun was dissatisfied with Wang's long-term stay under Chiang Kai-shek and was suffocated by Chiang Kai-shek. He encouraged Wang's desire to "anti-Chiang and seize power" and tried his best to encourage him to start a new life and operate independently, but he was ignorant of the righteousness. In order to please Japan, Chen even believed that "the five northeastern provinces are not part of China at all" and "Fengtian was originally a dowry brought by the Manchu Qing Dynasty, but now they are just bringing their own dowry back." (Note: See "Wang Jingwei Group Surrenders to the Enemy", Chapter 19, which allowed Wang to take power independently and shamelessly stated that he would give up territorial sovereignty in Northeast China.
In October 1938, Mei Siping returned to Chongqing with the secret documents to present to Wang. Wang held a banquet for Mei at home. When sending Mei out of the living room, Chen Bijun urged Wang to make up his mind to surrender to the enemy and said, "Mr. Mei is leaving tomorrow. You must make up your mind this time and not regret it!" Wang Jingwei said repeatedly: "It's decided. It¡¯s decided!¡± (Note: See ¡°Wang Jingwei Group Surrenders to the Enemy¡±, page 273.)
In December 1938, Mei Siping brought to Chongqing the conditions on which the Japanese hoped that Wang would leave Chongqing and form a new government. The capitulationists held "many discussions at Wang's residence for several days, but could not reach a final decision, so Chen Bijun insisted on leaving." (Note: See "Wang Jingwei Group Surrenders to the Enemy", page 326.)
Zhou Fohai had political ambitions and was not satisfied with his position as the Propaganda Minister and Deputy Director of the Administrative Office of the Kuomintang. He always dreamed that one day "the central government would be formed within ten minutes by Yu Bi", so he actively planned to surrender and create "a new world for himself." In June 1938, Zhou Fohai secretly instigated Gao Zongwu to go to Japan to contact Japan, and then urged Mei Siping to participate. , the Japanese Imperial Council recognized Wang as a negotiating opponent. Zhou was the "initiator" of the entire Japanese surrender movement.
In the two months from October to November, Zhou did a lot of mobilization work for Wang. When Wang hesitated, Zhou immediately advised him: "When you are also the Minister of Foreign Affairs, your dealings with the Japanese can be said to be smooth!" In his heart, Zhou blamed "Wang's character, which he thought had no definite opinions", "no sense of responsibility, no decisiveness". But he also understood Wang's characteristics and "concluded that even though there are back and forth, the result will still be as planned." (Note: See "Zhou Fohai's Diary" Shanghai People's Publishing House.)
Before Wang could set out, Zhou was already standing in front carrying the banner.
Amidst the hesitation, compromise and uncertainty, it was Mei Siping and Tao Xisheng who repeatedly persuaded and pushed you, and Wang Jingwei's "descend the ship" set off.
Some people say: "Mr. Wang can't succeed without Bijun, and he can't fail without Bijun" (Note: See "Wang Jingwei Group Surrenders to the Enemy", page 461.). In a sense, Wang became a traitor to the Han Dynasty because of Chen Bijun and Zhou Fohai.
Wang's character of cowardice and inferiority caused him to be overwhelmed by the majesty of the Japanese invaders. He failed to view the war of resistance dialectically and could not see the prospects of victory for the Chinese nation. His "fear of Japan" made him surrender for peace. With an indecisive character, he is easily influenced by others and pushed to the path of betrayal and seeking glory. Novel Ranking Completed On December 18, 1938, Wang Jingwei left Chongqing. On December 29, he issued a pornographic message in response to Konoe's third statement. He slid into the abyss step by step on the road of treason, and finally lost his reputation. Among them, the role of Wang's personality is naturally one of the factors that cannot be ignored.
During the most difficult period of China's Anti-Japanese War, the Japanese Konoe Cabinet issued the "Konoe Statement" twice at the end of 1938, openly making political surrender to the Kuomintang government. At this time, a serious split occurred within the Kuomintang ruling group. As the vice president of the Kuomintang, Wang Jingwei openly issued treasonous pornographic messages in response to the "Konoe Statement" and embarked on a shameful path of treason.
In the message, Wang Jingwei put forward his understanding of the war of resistance: "The war of resistance has lasted for more than a year and caused great pain. If the war can be ended with a just peace, the country's survival and independence can be guaranteed, that is, the goal of the war of resistance has been achieved. "
Not long ago, the Japanese government issued the third "Konoe Statement" aimed at destroying China. Chiang Kai-shek angrily denounced this, "There is really a mechanical blade hidden in his bones." "This is the enemy's attempt to devour China entirely, dominate East Asia, and then attempt to conquer It is the summary of all delusions and conspiracies in the world; it is also the summary of all the enemy¡¯s plans to destroy our country and our nation.?lu".
Wang Jingwei defended this in the telegram: "The first is good neighborliness and friendship," "the second is joint defense against communism," and "the third is economic support." Wang Jingwei finally said, "Laying the foundation for permanent peace between the two countries is our due effort for the happiness of East Asia."
As early as the "July 7th Incident" in 1937, when Japan put out the wild talk of "destroying China in three months", Wang Jingwei delivered a speech "Everyone must tell the truth and everyone must be responsible". He said, "Harmony is If you are going to suffer a loss, you should honestly admit the loss and ask for a way to compensate for the loss." "If you fight, you will lose the battle."
According to another record, Wang Jingwei once asked Feng Yuxiang that everyone called for "the war will last to the end". Where is this "bottom"? Feng said that the end would be "Japan's unconditional surrender". To Wang Jingwei, a scholar, "this is simply the arrogance and ignorance of a Qiu Ba".
Wang Jingwei's Wings and Zhou Fohai also had a "wonderful theory" on the Sino-Japanese war: "Nothing in China can compare with Japan. If the war expands and prolongs, Japan will naturally find it difficult, but when Japan feels itchy, China is already in pain. It¡¯s unbearable¡±!
In the view of Wang Jingwei and the "Emergency Peace Faction" around him, "the war of resistance will inevitably lead to defeat, and the war of resistance will lead to death." They see the gap in hard power between China and Japan, but they have no way of understanding the huge potential and resilience contained in China and the Chinese people.
After Wang and Japan colluded, Western countries issued statements one after another to uphold the "Nine-Power Treaty"; the U.S. Congress soon passed loans to China; Britain, France and other countries even deployed troops to strengthen the defense of the Far East before the outbreak of the European War. The dawn of the Anti-Japanese War can be said to have begun.
Zhou Enlai once commented that Chiang Kai-shek may not be a good tactician, but he can be called a good strategist. Wang Jingwei did not have such a strategist's vision.
Before the assassination of the Prince Regent in the early years, the Revolutionary Party believed that the assassination was of little significance but too risky. Wang Jingwei wrote "Theory on Cauldron and Fuel" for this purpose, arguing that revolution is like cooking, which requires a cauldron and fuel. Those who work in the cauldron are not afraid of water and fire and endure long-term hardships; those who work in the salary can be brilliant in a moment. Wang Jingwei claimed that he did not have the spirit of perseverance and was willing to work for a salary.
Chen Lifu once commented on this, saying that what Wang Jingwei lacks most is perseverance, "It is difficult for a scholar to achieve great things"; and Chen Gongbo, Wang Jingwei's die-hard sect, also commented, "Mr. "Go", "A citizen has his own responsibilities to deal with. He does not have to rely on others to agree with his responsibilities, nor does he need to rely on others to retain them."
The eight-year war of resistance tested the resilience of the entire country and nation. However, Wang Jingwei was pessimistic and desperate in the dark night before victory, lost his due judgment and conscience, and embarked on the road of treason from which he could not turn back.
On May 31, 1939, Wang Jingwei flew from Shanghai to Japan for negotiations. As soon as the negotiations began, Japanese Prime Minister Seishiro Itagaki ridiculed Wang Jingwei, "I think that in order to establish a new and strong central government in China, we must win over the majority of Chongqing dignitaries and the army. You must be quite sure about this. "It would be an honor to hear about this."
According to the "Chongguangtang Secret Agreement", Wang Jingwei tried to win over Long Yun of Yunnan and Zhang Fakui of Guangdong to declare their separation from the central government, but they were immediately rejected. At this time, Wang Jingwei had neither land nor guns, and only a few "Jihe faction" following him. He was unable to respond to Itagaki's ridicule. I can't say no to the aggressive new secret treaty proposed by Japan.
Before that, Wang Jingwei had been ignored by the Japanese in Hanoi, Vietnam for several months. At that time, Wang Jingwei felt unprecedentedly lonely and helpless, and could only "amuse himself with poetry and wine." In this regard, the warlord Wu Peifu, who Japan tried to win over but failed, had a serious theory: "If you leave Chongqing, you will lose your place of support, just like a tiger emerging from a mountain and entering a box, there is no value in seeking peace."
Wang Jingwei had become a puppet at this time, and Wang Ri's secret agreement was later exposed by Gao Zongwu and Tao Xisheng. The Kuomintang Central Standing Committee passed a resolution to permanently expel Wang Jingwei from the party.
After Wang Jingwei surrendered to Japan and established a puppet regime, he vigorously promoted and promoted the "East Asia Alliance" theory originated from Japan. He uses the so-called four-pronged program of the "East Asia Alliance" of "political independence, military alliance, economic cooperation, and cultural communication" as a theoretical basis to cover up his traitorous acts of surrendering to the enemy. It was an ideological weapon to enslave the people in occupied areas and disintegrate the anti-Japanese camp.
Wang Jingwei tried his best to use the "East Asia Alliance" theory as an important ideological weapon to divide the anti-Japanese camp and destroy the will to resist the war. In his "Conversations with Chinese and Japanese Correspondents in Tokyo", when answering reporters' questions about the impact of the East Asia Alliance movement he launched on the Chongqing National Government, he said: "I am convinced that the development of the East Asia Alliance movement will prompt the anti-Japanese elements in Chongqing to revolt. Awakening and participating in the peace movement. The theory of the anti-Japanese faction is that China and Japan absolutely cannot coexist. The East Asia Alliance proves that China and Japan are not only necessary to coexist, but also have the possibility of coexistence. With this fact proved, the anti-Japanese faction theory, natureannihilated, but together they are on the road to rejuvenating China and reviving East Asia. "Wang Jingwei's attempt to develop the "East Asia Alliance" movement to disintegrate the anti-Japanese camp did not work as he expected. Regarding this point, he later turned to attack: "The soldiers of Chongqing have completely lost the confidence of the East Asians. Linghun We used to try to move Chongqing with our theories, make them aware, and promote comprehensive peace. Now we know that this alone is never enough. We must organize a front of East Asian comrades in the peace zone to make it possible for Britain and the United States to instigate Running dogs, no harm done to them. "
Wang Jingwei also tried his best to use the "East Asia Alliance" theory to defend Japan against Japan's invasion of Northeast my country and the establishment of the puppet Manchukuo regime, and to excuse himself from admitting the guilt of the puppet Manchukuo. In his "Talk to reporters after the signing of the Sino-Japanese Diplomatic Adjustment Treaty", he sophistry said: "When we deal with the current situation, we must think about the big picture. Think from a distance. The signing of the Sino-Japanese treaty this time is not about temporary convenience, nor about temporary convenience. One thing is cheap, but for the sake of permanent amity between China and Japan and permanent peace in East Asia. As for the four northeastern provinces, they were originally part of China's territory. However, it has been ten years since September 18th. In these ten years, The passage of facts is obvious to all." He went on to say in his "Broadcast address to the Japanese people in Tokyo": "China used to have different views on Manchuria from Japan, but now the three countries of China, Japan and Manchuria are moving towards the construction of Manchuria. The future of East Asia's new order is moving forward. As the saying goes, when everything is safe, everything will be safe, and when danger is dangerous, everything will be in danger. Different opinions in the past have become unanimous in an instant."
When Japan's war of aggression fell into the predicament of losing ground, in order to make the puppet regime assume more "responsibility" for Japan's foreign aggression, since 1943, the Japanese invaders verbally declared that they would give the Wang puppet regime more "responsibility". More "freedom." Wang Jingwei also used this to elevate his traitorous rhetoric from advocating "coexistence and common prosperity" and "sharing joys and sorrows" to the level of clamoring to "survive in the face of death" with Japan, even at the risk of Japan's fall. The region's manpower and material resources were devoted to Japan's war of foreign aggression. He shouted that he would "give all his energy and put it first in the decisive battle." After the Wang puppet regime declared war on Britain and the United States, Wang declared in the "Declaration of War" that "from today on, Britain and the United States are in a state of war. Friendly Japan cooperates¡±. It even decided to "share weal and woe" with Japan. If Wang Jingwei was really deceived in the past and really had no luck with Japan, by now he was determined to be the lackey of the Japanese. Wang also declared that Japan's war of aggression "is a war of life and death for China. Everything that can hinder the high will of the decisive battle and the uplift of the national spirit must be destroyed one by one and cleared up." Wang Jingwei's desperate loyalty to the Japanese master The slave's face can be said to be exposed at this stage.
In order to meet the needs of Japan's war of aggression, Wang Jingwei tried his best to promote enslavement rule and propaganda in the occupied areas, so as to achieve the purpose of "live and die together" with his master. During the specific implementation process, Wang Jingwei and others mainly took the following measures:
1) Formulate a complete set of enslavement propaganda outlines to promote traitorous policies. The Wang Puppet regime has successively formulated a series of propaganda points and outlines, and issued documents such as the "Basic Outline of Wartime Cultural Propaganda Policy" and "About the National Spiritual Mobilization". In the "Basic Outline of Wartime Cultural Propaganda Policy", the Wang Jingwei Group proposed various tasks in the entire ideological and cultural field: such as "promoting East Asian culture, consolidating the East Asian axis, and completing the mission of the war"; eradicating the crimes of British and American aggression, Eliminate the poison of British and American individual liberalism, eliminate the despicable mentality of relying on Britain and the United States, and improve the public's resentment to defeat British and American aggression"; "joint efforts to achieve the success of the construction of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere";
??2) Organize and train young people in occupied areas, and strive to instill in them pro-Japanese and traitorous ideas such as the "East Asia Alliance" as the focus of their promotion of the New National Revolution. Wang Jingwei and others forcibly implemented the pro-Japanese and traitorous enslavement education in schools in the occupied areas, and held a "Youth Youth League Training Class" in Nanjing. They used the theories of the East Asia Alliance and the New National Revolution as the basic content of the "teaching". It also adopted documents such as the "New National Movement Youth Training Outline", "China Youth Model League Organization Principles", "Chinese Boy Scouts Organization Principles" and other documents, and decided to universally set up youth leagues and boy scouts throughout the occupied areas to conduct Personality worship and pro-Japanese and traitorous enslavement education. Under the Wang Puppet "New National Movement Promotion Committee", a special school for young cadres was attached to implement fascist-style training and train personnel engaged in traitorous enslavement education and rule.
3) Use newspapers, radio, movies, traveling exhibitions and various commemorative activities to vigorously advocate and publicize traitorous theories such as the East Asia Alliance. Important members of Wang Jingwei's puppet regime often used newspapers and radio to sell their traitorous ideas on festival days. At the same time, they also held "Peaceful Founding of the People's Republic of China Documentary Exhibition" and "Peaceful People's Republic of China Photography Exhibition" to carry out enslaving education and propaganda.
While the Wang Puppet Group was carrying out the "New National Revolution Movement", it also worked hard to cooperate with the Japanese invaders in launching the "Qingxiang Movement.""The Qingxiang Movement is like a patient taking medicine to adjust, and the New National Movement is to cultivate his vitality after the disease is gone, so that he will be mentally strong and physically strong." This sentence, in one sentence. It revealed the sinister intentions of Wang Jingwei Group in carrying out the above two activities. Wang Jingwei claimed that "to purify the countryside, we must purify the heart", that is, by instilling traitorous thoughts into the people in the occupied areas, in order to eliminate people's anti-Japanese consciousness and psychological resistance to the puppet regime.
Wang Jingwei went to various Qingxiang sites many times to provide so-called on-the-spot guidance, taking advantage of this opportunity to peddle his traitorous fallacies everywhere. He declared: "Qingxiang is to help organize the Greater East Asia War." He described the aggressive war launched by Japan as "the security of East Asia depends on it" and "the survival of China." He forced the people in the occupied areas to "use their national strength" Work with Japan to stabilize the rear area of ??the Greater East Asia War, and join in with manpower and material resources to achieve the goal of the Greater East Asia War as soon as possible." At the same time, he also asked the Han dynasty to also assume "rear area responsibilities": "One must establish Public security is to maintain the safety of local order; the second is to strengthen military strength and strive to advance spiritually and materially; the third is to increase resources and reduce expenditure, and strive to increase material gains."
Reasons for the change of political line
There are several main reasons why Wang Jingwei changed from a revolutionary to a traitor:
(1) Wang Jingwei lacks national self-confidence
In the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, China lost large areas of its territory to the fierce military attacks of the Japanese aggressors. The people were massacred, and the army was annihilated or defeated by organized units. It must be admitted that Japan at that time was much stronger than China in almost all fields such as economy, military, science and technology, education, and war preparations.
Japan considers itself powerful and does not take China seriously, and openly issued a clamor to "destroy China in three months." At the same time, internationally, "vulnerable to a single blow, surrender quickly" is also the consensus among the great powers regarding the future of China's war of resistance.
Wang Jingwei was pessimistic about the war before he fled. He believed that "the war of resistance will lead to defeat, and the war of resistance will lead to death." He simply did not realize the huge potential hidden in the Chinese people.
When the Chinese nation was in danger, the people burst out with strong patriotic enthusiasm. This surging patriotic enthusiasm showed its great power under the leadership of the anti-Japanese National Government headed by Chiang Kai-shek. Take the construction of the Burma Highway during the Anti-Japanese War as an example. Without the help of modern construction machinery, millions of people drove hundreds of kilometers of international lifelines in the mountainous southwestern border areas. People involved in road construction basically receive no salary, and even food is not fully guaranteed. However, in the history of highway construction in the Republic of China, this highway was constructed the fastest and the project cost was the lowest. In the middle of the Anti-Japanese War, in order to cooperate with the Allied strategic bombing of Japan. The people at the rear once again showed great strength. While the U.S. military engineering consultants were hesitating about not getting a high-horsepower road rolling machine, the Sichuan people just used manpower to roll out a hard runway for the huge fuselage of the B-29 "Sky Fortress" to take off and land. After the airport was completed, U.S. bombers took off and landed under the cheers of the people. U.S. military planes taking off from Sichuan dropped hundreds of thousands of tons of bombs on Japan.
The power of the people is huge. The Revolution of 1911, which Wang Jingwei once participated in, is also an example. There was a huge gap in strength between the revolutionary party and the Qing government. The significance of the Wuchang Uprising was not a military attack on the Manchu Qing government. In Wuhan, deep in the interior of China, the revolutionary army of tens of thousands of people did not pose a great military threat to the Qing court. But the uprising awakened the people's anti-feudal consciousness. The ensuing independence of the provinces and popular unrest led to the abdication of the Qing emperor. In the early days of the revolution, Mr. Sun Yat-sen also fought with "successful battles and defeats, and repeated defeats and defeats" despite the huge disparity in strength. It is this spirit of "persistence" that ultimately leads to victory. Why did Wang Jingwei, who claimed to have Dr. Sun Yat-sen as his "idol", lose this valuable spirit during the Anti-Japanese War? This is a pity.
The power of the people must not be ignored. India's independence movement after the war; the Egyptian people's movement to take back the management rights of the Suez Canal; and Israel's previous wars to survive in the face of siege from the Arab world. Which one is not a disparity in strength and which one is not a manifestation of the power of the people. During the Anti-Japanese War, Wang Jingwei's pessimism stemmed from his "disengagement from the masses." Eventually, defeatism turned into capitulationism. This shows that Wang Jingwei was not a good student of Mr. Sun Yat-sen.
(2) Wang Jingwei failed to understand the nature and purpose of Japan¡¯s invasion of China
After Wang fled Hanoi, he sent out a nationwide electricity (i.e. Yan electricity). During the call, Wang Jingwei believed: "Japan has no territorial claims against China and no demands for compensation for military expenditures."
As for whether Japan has any ambitions towards China and whether it is our brotherly country (at least at that time), everyone knows it, so I won¡¯t go into details.
Japan¡¯s surrender
Out of Japan¡¯s ambitions towards China, almost all political forces in China have been affected by Japan.
At that time, China's political forces mainly consisted of the following groups: the Kuomintang was the party in power, and its leaders were Wang Chiang and others; the Manchus, the old and the young,The establishment of the puppet emperor of Manchukuo was one of the great victories of the Japanese intelligence agencies; the main targets of the Beiyang government's veterans were Wu Peifu and Tang Shaoyi, but in the end one of them died inexplicably, and the other was killed by a patriotic youth after agreeing to cooperate with Japan. assassination. Wang Kemin of the North China puppet regime and Liang Hongzhi of the Nanjing puppet reform regime were also remnants of the Beiyang, but compared with Wang Jingwei, they were "juniors". In the end, they were closely united in the pseudo-Republican government with Chairman Wang as the core; local powerful factions: Yan Xishan, Long Yun, Zhang Fakui, Chen Jitang, etc. Although they did a lot of work, in the end their determination to resist the war and their contribution to the war were very great; among the various ethnic minorities, some surrendered and many resisted.
The most famous one is "Mei Work", which is the successful defeat of Wang Jingwei.
There is also "Zhibai Work", which is also called "Doihara Work" because Doihara is responsible for it. Work comes and goes, and everyone involved is working to death. Some people say that Wu Peifu wanted to cooperate with the Japanese invaders, but the price was too high. Others say that Wu Peifu was unwilling to cooperate with the Japanese invaders, but he could not avoid it and could only ask for high prices. In any case, Lao Wu did not become a traitor in the end, and his death was related to a Japanese doctor, so he was able to save his life.
The surrender of the "Number One" figure Chiang Kai-shek is called the "Tong Job".
After the July 7th Incident, Seishiro Itagaki of the Kwantung Army system became the Prime Minister of Japan. At that time, Itagaki had two generals, one was Kage Sasaki and the other was Takeo Imai. The two men have very different views on the surrender of Chinese politicians. Yingzuo Zhenzhao took the route of supporting Wang Jingwei; Imai Takeo wanted to negotiate peace with Chiang Kai-shek directly. He believes that since the Qing Dynasty, the final solution to all wars or disputes between China and Japan has been China's "compromise". Now Japan's blow to China is the biggest in history, and China is facing the biggest crisis. Moreover, Japan already has Chairman Wang. If Chiang Kai-shek, the leader of China's national resistance war, can also turn things around When Wang Jingwei was "discussing national affairs" with the Japanese invaders in Nanjing, the "Tong Work" was going on in Hong Kong. Chiang believed that in order to take advantage of the psychology of the Japanese invaders, he might as well work with the Japanese invaders, firstly to combat Wang Jingwei's "peace" movement in Nanjing, and secondly to gain an understanding of the Japanese military's strategy. Understanding the intentions of the Japanese military is equivalent to understanding the intentions of the Japanese government. Because after the "226" Incident in Japan, the government's cabinet minister must be an active member of the Japanese army. No matter who forms the cabinet, as long as your policies are not in line with the military's wishes, they will not recommend you a candidate for prime minister. How can you form a cabinet when one of the five ministers in the cabinet is missing? Therefore, the Japanese military's influence on the political arena at that time was crucial.
Chiang Kai-shek took a lot of effort in implementing the fake work. In order to consider the negative impact on the war of resistance (if word spread, it would be unclear), we decided to send people who were not government officials and could have contact with the top leaders of the Kuomintang. The identities of these people are all real, but their faces are all fake. They are all "military reunification" agents. Among them was the fake Song Ziliang. Song Ziliang was originally Song Ziwen's younger brother, and he and Chiang Kai-shek were both relatives. His photo has never been published in newspapers, and people don't like to be busy, so many people have never seen him. Japan is very satisfied with such a candidate. It feels that the National Government is at least "sincere" in sending such a person. The Japanese didn't know that Song Ziliang's real name was Zeng Guang. If the representative is fake, there will naturally be fakeness in the negotiation. Every time Japan talks about substantive issues. Our representative Zeng said, "I want to ask for instructions" and "this needs to be studied." Asking for instructions and studying, the Japanese were annoyed and doubted the authenticity of this representation. After many investigations, I could not find out the true identity of this person. Chiang still gained something during the negotiations. He at least understood the intentions of the Japanese invaders. There was nothing new about this intention. An armistice was acceptable, but the Puppet Manchukuo must be recognized, and troops must be stationed in China to jointly defend communism. In short, these were the things Wang Jingwei recognized.
At the same time, Wang Jingwei and his men learned that the Japanese invaders were carrying out "Tong Operation." Wang Jingwei, Zhou Fohai and others were confused. According to Zhou Fohai himself, he "did not sleep well all night." Why are they messing around? Didn't Wang Jingwei claim that his career was "saving the country and the people"? Since it is so great, glorious and correct, why would Chiang Kai-shek mess with you? Wouldn¡¯t it be nice to have multiple helpers for the cause of ¡°justice¡±? Finally, the Japanese took a fake photo of Song Ziliang through the keyhole in the door. After taking the photo to Nanjing, they asked Wang Jingwei and others who had worked with Song Ziwen to identify it. After Zhou Fohai saw the photo, he probably exclaimed: This is not Xiao Song! Only then did the Japanese invaders understand Chongqing's intentions, and the "Tong Work" naturally aborted. Since Hong Kong is not under Japanese control, it is not difficult for the fake Song Ziwen to do anything, and they can only let them return to China. This is a profile of the military commander's espionage war during the Anti-Japanese War. I wonder what story Zeng Guang has after returning to China To put it simply, Japan took great pains to surrender Wang Jingwei. I made a strong noose and put it around Wang Jingwei's neck. Wang Jingwei had no choice but to make the decision. The noose was tightened little by little, and finally Chairman Wang had to take a breath and discuss it with Japan. The conditions offered to Wang Jingwei by the Japanese invaders were very loose at first, from the "Chongguangtang Agreement" to the "Outline of Adjustment of New Japan-China Relations", the conditions have changed qualitatively, which is very revealing.
Japan¡¯s peace movement cannot really intend to ¡°withdraw its troops from China¡±; ¡°abolish all unequal treaties¡±; ¡°Japan and China economically support each other.¡± This is a great good thing for China, but a bad thing for Japan. If it is so good, the Japanese government should directly take diplomatic channels, hold some kind of meeting and issue a communiqu¨¦: Japan gives up all its privileges in China. If this is the case, the Chinese people will at least be grateful to Japan until now. Could it be that the September 18 Incident was created for the good of China, Manchukuo was created for the good of China, and the 300,000 compatriots who were brutally murdered in the Nanjing Massacre were all because they did not understand Japan's good intentions? What on earth did the Japanese army come to China for? These children can understand the truth, why can't Wang Jingwei understand it? If you really don't understand, then the former Prime Minister is blind, and Wang Jingwei is stupid enough to seek skin from a tiger. But normal analysis, how could such a politically naive fool have been Sun Yat-sen's right-hand man and one of the senior leaders of the party and state? I'm afraid there's some hidden agenda!
After Wang Jingwei fell into the Japanese "trap", the Japanese invaders did not give Wang any face. You, Chairman Wang, consider yourself to be the orthodox member of the Republic of China, yet you insist on adding a yellow stripe under the blue sky and white sun flag (with the letter "Peace, revolution and salvation of the country"). You, Chairman Wang, are proud of being a loyal follower of the former Prime Minister, but you are not allowed to mention the "Three People's Principles". Chairman Wang pursues "national independence and self-determination," but Japan has sent a large number of "advisors" within the puppet governments at all levels
Wang Jingwei died of illness in Nagoya, Japan on November 10, 1944. After Wang Jingwei's death, he was buried in Meihua Mountain on the outskirts of Nanjing. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, amidst the voices of the people across the country, the people of Nanjing were very dissatisfied with Wang Jingwei's tomb being left in Meihua Mountain and demanded that it be eradicated. Under the pressure of public opinion, Chiang Kai-shek sent He Yingqin to remove the tomb. His coffin and body were transported to Qingliangshan Crematorium for complete incineration.
The kneeling statue of Wang Chen was made in October 1940. The kneeling statue of Wang Jingwei is 1.15 meters high, with a luolu upper body and "Wang Ni Jingwei" engraved on the back. The kneeling statue of Chen Bijun is 1.12 meters high, with a luolu on the upper body and "Chen Nibijun" engraved on the back. At the same time, there is an inscription "Portrait of Wang Ni's Fu Kneeling", with the inscription: "The husband and wife of each other, especially the Han Dynasty, are public enemies, and the whole country shares the same hatred. The male name is Jingwei, a scum of the Wang family, and his name is Bijun is a demon of the Chen family. He took a thief as his husband and sold himself into a Japanese slave. He cut stone portraits and knelt on the streets. He was reviled by everyone and shamed by all kinds of people. He smelled bad in the world and was filthy for eternity."
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