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Text Chapter 12 (45) Linyuan Tower (3)

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    How to make a sky observation instrument?  This question put Shang Cheng to the test.

    He has seen an astronomical telescope.  Not in photos or film and television works, nor in an observatory, but in a factory.  There was an amateur astronomer living next door to his dormitory, and he had an astronomical telescope in his hand. Sometimes when we got bored, everyone would look around with that thing.  He still remembers that in early 2007, there was a total lunar eclipse. He and a few people ran to the top of the factory office building and used the telescope to broaden their horizons.  It is said that the astronomical telescope is not very expensive, only three to four thousand yuan.  It's a pity that I didn't pay close attention to the details of that telescope.  Now, Tian Xiu asked him how to make a celestial instrument, but he really couldn't answer. He could only say in general: "It must have a larger lens and a larger mirror body."

    Tian Xiu was a little disappointed.  This is an unexpected answer, but it makes sense.  At least she had never heard of anyone in history making a celestial instrument out of glass, so she was not surprised when Shang Cheng admitted that he could not make such a celestial instrument.  What she was disappointed with was that she originally thought that Shang Cheng might know something, and these things could give the Ministry of Industry a shortcut when making the sky observatory She stood silently for a while, and then raised her hands.  , made a formal ceremony to Shang Cheng - Shang Cheng did her a great favor again.  Although we may still be far away from successfully casting a celestial instrument, in any case, the idea of ??using glass lenses to make a celestial instrument has been proven. The next step to solve is to make the "celestial instrument" that can only see the illuminated archway  "Earth Observer" can be used to observe the stars in the sky She was about to move when she suddenly realized something.  Yes, no one has ever made a sky observatory out of glass before, but there is no record in any book that glass can be made from sand in the river!  She also carefully verified that there was no such term as "glass" before.  She suspected that maybe even the word "glass" was taken from "glass" and "glazed glass" respectively, and then was compiled by someone and placed on an unprecedented object like glass Who is this word maker?  No matter who, it¡¯s okay not to mention this matter.  This person also has a problem, that is, he always likes to pretend to be muddy. Even if he comes up with his own ideas, he will probably refuse to admit them afterwards. He would rather write a memorial to admit his mistakes and seek punishment from the court than give more advice.  A few words.  This is the case with the glass issue, and the celestial instrument in front of you is proof of it!  Therefore, you must not believe this person's various claims, otherwise you will definitely end up regretting it!  After thinking about this clearly, Tian Xiu immediately changed his mind.

    She immediately stopped her steps, put her left hand on her right hand and put her hands in front of her body. She lowered her head slightly and held her breath and said nothing.

    Shang Cheng didn¡¯t notice at all that Tian Xiu was performing the disciple ceremony.  He just felt that Tian Xiu stopped moving after saluting, and felt a little strange, so he asked curiously: "Do you have anything else?"

    "Yes." Tian Xiu lowered his head and said.  But she didn't say what happened to her because Shang Cheng didn't ask.  When the elders ask questions, the disciples answer; what the elders ask, the disciples answer; otherwise, it is "answering something other than what was asked" - that is disrespectful to the teacher!

    "What is it?" Shang Cheng asked her.  He didn't want to ask about it.  Do you still need to ask?  It is definitely a problem that even the Ministry of Industry cannot solve.  What can he do if even the Ministry of Industry cannot solve the problem?  But he didn't want to be left alone, so he had to set up a step for Tian Xiu.  This is what he thought: If you can help, just help. If you can't help, of course you can only ask Tian Xiu to find a solution on his own.

    "that is¡­¡­"

    "Sit down and say it!" Shang Cheng pointed to the chair next to him.  This was eating in a restaurant, not working in a government office. He was sitting with Tian Xiu standing. The way the two of them talked made him feel uncomfortable.  While letting Tian Xiu sit down, he reached for the teapot, wanting to refill his cup and Tian Xiu's cup with some hot tea soup.  Only now did he notice that at some point, all the maids and maids in the elegant room had left.  He shook his head and praised in his heart, this slender lady is really capable, Linyuan Pavilion has found a treasure.

    Before his hand touched the teapot, Tian Xiu had already grabbed the teapot before he sat down.  Holding the teapot with both hands, she refilled Shang Cheng's cup, and then lightly added a little more to her own cup. She put down the teapot and sat down on the chair very respectfully, just like a woman waiting for a teacher to teach.  Students who can solve their doubts are average.

    Shang Cheng glanced at her doubtfully.  Tian Xiu put on a serious expression and sat solemnly on the chair. This look made him feel as if he was not in a restaurant now, but in the main hall of the Yanshan Admiral's Mansion, gathering his subordinates for a meeting.  But he couldn't say anything, so he could only drink water from a cup and wait for Tian Xiu to explain the difficulties faced by the Ministry of Industry in the production of glass and the manufacture of celestial instruments.

    Before he put down the teacup, Tian Xiu had already stood up again and picked up the teapot.

    Shang Cheng was almost annoyed by her sudden excessive enthusiasm.  He is holding a cup, said to Tian Xiu: "Sit down! Drink the water one by one and I will pour it myself. You" He paused, swallowed back the unpleasant words, changed to a gentler tone, and continued, "  Tell me, what problems have you encountered now? Let me say something harsh first, my major is not here at all, so whether it is glass or astronomical telescopes" Shang Cheng suddenly paused.  Damn it, he inadvertently said something he shouldn't have said again!  Fortunately, there were only four people in the room. Chen Pu and Shangguan Rui were still holding a few lenses in front of the window and talking about something, but Tian Xiu didn't seem to notice the negligence in his words at all, and remained silent or raised his head.  .  He then finished what he said, "Whether it's the glass or the celestial instrument, I don't know the details of these two things, so I can't help you much. Don't put all your hopes on me."

    "Yes. I know." Tian Xiu whispered, "Now, our first problem is that there are bubbles in the glass. This problem has existed since the first time the glass was burned, and there is no way to properly solve it until now. I want to tell you  Please tell me how to avoid bubbles in the glass?"

    Shang Chengba smacked his lips and was silent for a long time before saying: "What about that? Do you have any other more difficult things?" He felt that the difficulty of this problem was too high.  The problem of bubbles in the glass production process is a major problem in the glass industry, and it will not be completely solved for another few hundred years, let alone the just-started glass workshop of the Ministry of Industry.

    The elder has a question, how dare he not answer it?  Tian Xiu immediately proposed something that seemed more difficult to her: "You mentioned at the beginning that real glass must be colorless and transparent. But nowadays, the glass we fire is very rare and colorless and transparent.  , nine of the ten meditations are divided into ten colors: red, purple, red, green, green, yellow, white, brown, black, and blue. How should we deal with this?"

    This question is simple.  Shang Cheng said with certainty that the glass raw material contained impurities.  There may be iron filings in the red and red glass, there may be iron filings in the green and cyan glass, and they may be related to the copper element. The purple color may be the reaction between iron and other metal elements; the same is true for the other colors.  There are many solutions, such as looking for better quality quartz deposits, trying to avoid using the same means of transportation with other raw materials, such as strengthening the transportation, storage and use system of raw materials, such as speeding up more effective production equipment

    Tian Xiu remembered it carefully.  After Shang Cheng finished speaking, she immediately asked a series of new questions: What are elements?  What is the connection between the copper element and copper, and what are their differences from each other?  Why does copper make the color of glass bluish and green?  Since there are "metal elements", are there also elements that are not metals?  "Copper" and "iron" are both "metal" in the five elements, so is this so-called "metal" the "gold" of "gold, wood, water, fire, and earth"

    A lot of questions made Shang Cheng a little confused.  Putting aside whether he could answer these questions one by one, the key point is that he was talking to Tian Xiu about the Ministry of Industry. Why did he suddenly get involved in metal elements?  He could only say in a straight voice: "You should take care of the glass thing first, and I will talk to you about the elements later when I have time!"

    At this time, Chen Pu and Shangguan Rui had already sat back at the desk.  Both of them were sensitively aware that Tian Xiu was asking Shang Cheng for advice as a disciple, so they did not disturb them. They just fiddled with a few lenses and whispered a few words from time to time.

    In order not to make Shang Cheng angry, Tian Xiu immediately cut off the topic and turned to the observation of heaven.  The Taishi Bureau hopes to cast a total of twenty glass sky observatories weighing 5,000 kilograms in bronze, but neither the Ministry of Industry nor Ouchi know how to proceed.  Nowadays, for the casting of large bronze vessels or iron vessels, including several large planetariums of the Taishi Bureau such as the celestial observatory, armillary sphere, seismometer, etc., clay molds are usually fired first, then cast part by part, and finally assembled.  ; This is the mud pouring method.  However, the new glass celestial instrument requires a large hollow bronze tube that weighs 5,000 kilograms and needs to be cast successfully at one time, which stumps everyone.  She wanted to ask Shang Cheng how to proceed with the casting of this bronze tube?

    Hearing this weight, Shang Cheng was in awe of the Taishi Bureau at that time.  Five thousand kilograms of hollow bronze tubes. Those who knew that the Taishi Bureau wanted to build a celestial observatory, but those who didn't know must have thought that they wanted to build a bronze cannon!  He smiled and said: "Five thousand kilograms or something is completely unnecessary. I estimate that if you use a glass lens to make a sky observatory, a few dozen kilograms of bronze will be enough at the beginning - you may not be able to use it up. Of course.  , the final weight required is determined by the lens. If you want the celestial instrument to see farther and clearer, the lens body must be longer, and its weight will naturally increase." He pointed to several cases.  Tea cup.  "It's hard to say the size of the convex mirror. If the Taishi Bureau has high requirements and has to rely on the naked eye to explore the world outside the solar system, then it is not impossible for a lens to weigh tens of thousands of pounds. But the concave mirror must be smaller."?, it is best not to exceed the bottom of this tea cup; it would be better if it could be made according to the size of human eyes.  In this way, when observing the sky through the celestial instrument, you will not be easily affected by the things around you.  "

    "But, glass lenses"

    "Yes, polishing glass lenses is also a problem." Shang Cheng interrupted Tian Xiu before she could finish her words.  "You are looking for craftsmen who polish jade, so there is definitely nothing wrong with their craftsmanship. The only question is whether they can polish the lenses according to your requirements."

    Tian Xiu nodded.  This is also a problem that has been plaguing them.

    "The solution is very simple. Just set a standard that everyone can understand. The glass lens is circular, so it has a circumference, radius, diameter and thickness. For example, we now use the lens in the hands of Chen Zhuguo  Using the pair of convex mirrors and concave mirrors as a benchmark, calculate the ratios between their respective circumferences, radii, diameters and thicknesses, and fix this as a benchmark, then it should be easy to get the same lens. The Ministry of Industry also  Some simple tools can be made and given to craftsmen and officials to measure and correct at any time"

    Tian Xiu clapped his hands, and then realized that he was a little carried away. He quickly stood up and apologized to Shang Cheng, but the joy on his face could not be concealed no matter what.  Her mind was flexible, and as soon as Shang Cheng spoke, she immediately sketched out various rules in her mind and derived many methods.  The Ministry of Industry has now also obtained the simple method of using numbers from the Ministry of War - it is said that this kind of number was pioneered by Shang Cheng, but he himself never recognized this account - a certain ratio can be set as the starting value  "Zero", then make the convex mirror a positive number and the concave mirror a negative number, and then make a large piece of glass lens according to different positive and negative values, and slowly find the most suitable lens combination for making a celestial observatory.  !

    Shang Cheng also added two supplements to her.  First, since the viewing distance of different lens combinations is definitely different in distance, the Ministry of Industry should establish a special document file to record the effects of various combinations in detail and indicate the scope of application of this combination.  Another thing is that the mirror body made by the Ministry of Industry now only has two parts: a copper tube and a copper cap, which is very inappropriate; it should be divided into three parts, and a copper cap for fixing the lens should be added to the front end of the copper cap.  After doing this, even if there is a problem with the lens, it will be easy to replace it; the screw buckle at the connection between the big copper cap and the copper tube should be thinner and longer, allowing people to make slight adjustments when using it, just like just now  We hold the two lenses and adjust their positions back and forth.  Also, if the celestial instrument is successfully manufactured and the weight is not so unbelievable, the base can be changed to an iron or wooden tripod, which will make it easier to move.  Of course, if the Taishi Bureau is rich and powerful and still has the courage to build twenty celestial instruments with five thousand kilograms of bronze in one go, and has to build hundreds of celestial instruments for each person, then it will be treated as if he has said nothing.  ¡­
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