The second year of Yuanguang was probably one of the few comfortable years for the imperial court since the founding of the People's Republic of China. In the early spring of this year, when the winter snow in the northern country had not yet melted, King Cheluo of Xianbei returned with 50,000 soldiers from the Fuyu, Sushen, and Woju tribes. The barbarians drove their dogs and horses through the mountains and snow to raid the Xiongnu tribes on the west bank of the Gonglu River. After a year of violent storms, the Huns were content in their warm tents. They did not expect that the Xianbei people in the east would dare to brave the wind. Braving the snow, resisting disorientation, and the dangers of severe cold and freezing temperatures are approaching. The Xiongnu tribes were caught off guard. The Huns, who had dominated the grasslands all year round with their fast horses, bows and arrows, were dumbfounded in front of the knee-deep snow. Especially at the turn of winter and spring, the ice and snow seemed to be melting and were very soft, making it impossible for horses to walk in the snow. People can walk because they have a way to dismount and fight on foot. However, the Huns are far from the Xianbei's opponents in terms of physique or foot fighting skills. Therefore, as soon as the war begins, the scale of victory is tilted unreservedly. It was not just a tragic defeat, it was a massacre that had been planned for a long time, and was more cruel than ordinary massacres. After being identified by Xiongnu traitors and captured Han slaves, the Xianbei people treated the "true Xiongnu" of all tribes differently from the tribes known as "Xiongnu". The true Xiongnu was defined as the tribe led by Maodun Shanyu, and the tribes that were pretended to be Dun Chanyu, Laoshang Chanyu, and military minister Chanyu treated the tribesmen who benefited from the same treatment as the Xiongnu. The selected "real Huns" were all from the upper class of the tribe. Even if they were not nobles, they were much better than ordinary barbarian herdsmen. The selected Huns were obviously treated differently and had always been the commanders of the Han army beside King Xianbei. Zhao Meng told the Hun captives to make a choice, either to let the "real Huns" die or to let the ordinary "Hongnu" tribesmen die. It¡¯s a crude alienation plan but very effective. The Huns are not a close and rigid group. There are only half a million real Huns. However, there are four million descendants of Rong and Di on the entire grassland. They obey the orders of the Xiongnu, the overlord of the grassland, and call themselves the Huns. But where there is civilization, there will be nobles and civilians, and there will be wealth and poverty. The real Huns are not natural aristocrats. Most of them are ordinary herders. However, they enjoy the special treatment of the Xiongnu Chanyu. They naturally have more cattle and sheep than ordinary Xiongnu herdsmen, and can grab the best pastures in the grazing season. The most beautiful women, only other non-Hongnu nobles have a higher status than them, and under the same status, the real Huns are privileged. Zhao Meng¡¯s plan to divorce is very simple. One of the "true Huns" and the ordinary Huns must die. Under the pressure of the butcher's knife, the ordinary Huns betrayed the "true Huns" who were envious and jealous in the past without hesitation. The Xianbei people did not take action from the beginning to the end. They just Let go of the ordinary members of the majority faction and let them kill their former brothers with their own hands, and they must cut off their heads and hang them on the necks of their own horses. This action means that they will be with the "Huns" from now on. The two words completely broke up. The Xianbei people succeeded, and they were also afraid. This group of savage and honest prairie people discovered the terror of the human heart for the first time. It only takes a moment to betray your comrades under the pressure of survival. The anger, horror and confusion shown by those killed Huns before they died are still vivid in my mind. They did not die under the butcher's knife of the Xianbei people, but died among their relatives and friends. Stabbed in the back by a friend. Killing his old comrades with his own hands. There were also their wives and children, and their heads were cut off and hung on the necks of their horses, just like they once cut off the heads of Han people to show off their military exploits. The huge psychological burden and guilt made many Huns go completely crazy, and more people silently wiped the blood stains on their faces. There was determination in his eyes. Cheluo returned and ordered the Xianbei people to kill the crazy Huns, and everyone who survived was broken up and reorganized into various Xianbei tribes. They changed their names, shaved their hair, changed their clothes, and changed their name to Xianbei. From then on, they were just Xianbei, not Xiongnu. This war was small in scale and far less intense than the victories achieved by the Han army on all fronts, but the blow to the Huns was terrifying. In the next three months, the Xianbei people crossed back and forth across the Gonglu River and repeatedly set up ambushes. They repeatedly defeated the invading Xiongnu reinforcements, which grew bigger and bigger like a snowball. Until King Yizhixie of Zuoguli dispatched his own royal tent cavalry and could do nothing. Only then did they, the Huns, realize that they were in big trouble. The situation in the Monan grassland is also very bad. Since last year, when he attacked the desert with 8,000 people and scared away the Huns' 20 troops and returned victorious, Wei Qing has been dormant in the border counties waiting for an opportunity. At the end of February, he learned that the Xianbei people and the Mo The Northern Huns won a complete victory in the hinterland of Zuo Di, and they made a decisive decision to rush north to attack the Monan royal court of King Zuo Xian. King Zuo Xian himself was stationed in Shan Yu Ting with his 80,000 troops. On the one hand, he had to assist King Guli on guarding against military threats near the royal court. On the other hand, he also had to watch out for the newly moved Hujie from the direction of King You Xian's court. People, there are only 30,000 Zuoxian King's troops left in Monan Royal Court, and they are mainly old, weak, sick and disabled, and only a small number of royal cavalry are in charge of command. should be placed in the first few months, even if it is obvious?The royal court of Zuoxian was empty and did not dare to attack for thousands of miles and take risks easily. Now that the Huns are gone, even the always calm Xue Ze, the inexperienced and cautious Li Xi dared to call for battle, the hot-tempered Gongsun Ao, the arrogant and brave Li Guang Not to mention, Wei Qing himself certainly agreed with both hands. So on the seventh day after receiving the news, Wei Qing ordered 60,000 chariots and cavalry and rushed towards the royal court of Zuoxian to kill them. The Xiongnu herdsmen they met along the way were scared to death, just like the Han herdsmen encountered the Xiongnu army a few years ago. The expressions are so similar. The attack and kill of this move could not be hidden from Shan Yuting in Mobei. However, King Youxian lost his foundation and was frightened. The military minister Shan Yu suffered from repeated defeats, was overly worried and angry, and his physical condition was good and bad. Prince Yu Shan was young and had no prestige, so the military and political power of Shan Yu's court fell into the hands of Zuo Xian King Qigata. Once the military and political power of Chanyu Tinglong City was obtained, King Zuo Xian had no intention of returning it. He wanted to sit on the throne of the Great Chanyu, and he himself believed that he must be the Great Chanyu. Now the Xiongnu was in trouble both internally and externally. It can be concluded that a strong man raised the golden wolf flag to stabilize the morale of the army and regain the glory that was taken away by the Han and Xianbei people. As for the Monan Royal Court, it was no longer part of King Zuo Xian's plan. He hid in the big tent outside Longcheng and controlled the 80,000 elite troops outside the Shan Yu Court. He summoned the trusted followers who stayed in Shan Yu Court day and night without listening. Planning to usurp power and seize the throne. The king of Zuoguli, Yizhixie, and the king of Youguli, Juli (there was a writing error that wrote King Tushe of Youxian as Juli) also had this idea. Except for the fact that the 120,000 elites of Shan Yu's headquarters remained neutral, these three parties were the main forces guarding Shan Yu Ting. While defending Shan Yuting against the Xianbei people, they were also engaging in intrigues. It was not until July of the second year of Yuanguang that news came that all the tribes in Monan south of the Xiongnu Plateau had surrendered to the Han army. Only then did the three Xiongnu kings guarding the Xiongnu realize that the threat was imminent. By this time, it was already too late. Night. The three parties met quietly that night and decided that the enemy would temporarily put aside their old grudges and make peace. The final decision would be made after the Han army and the Xianbei people were defeated. Unexpectedly, King Yizhixie of Zuoguli followed the plan mentioned by the Bank of China and secretly told the sick Shanyu Ting. Shan Yu, a military official, falsely accused the two men of recruiting their tribesmen to conspire to rebel day and night. As soon as the meeting ended that night, they were blocked by Shan Yu Ting's warriors from the royal tent summoned by Yi Zhixie. King Xian of the left was begging for help, and King Juli of Guli of the right was killed on the spot. The Youxian King Tushe and other attendees who acted as mascots could not escape the fate of being killed. For a while, the people in Shanyu's court were panicked. The military minister Shanyu, who had been sick for a long time, was as skinny as a stick. The disease was difficult to cure even if Bian Que was resurrected. After learning that Yi Zhixie, king of Zuoguli, had ordered to kill all the Xiongnu nobles present, the military minister Shanyu shouted three times to destroy Yi Zhixie, the Huns, and he vomited blood and died. July to September is the good time in Mobei. Herdsmen gather by the river and lake to sing and dance to praise the good times given by Kunlun's plow. However, these three months of this year were the time when the Xiongnu royal court was full of blood and war. Ever since King Zuogu Li issued an edict to kill a large number of Xiongnu nobles, the undercurrent lurking in the Shan Yu's court quickly erupted. First, the nobles left behind by King Zuo Xian gathered to cause chaos and attempted to kill King Zuo Guli. However, the main military officers were killed by King Zuo Guli Yizhixie. There were not enough commanders to control the scattered morale of the army. After being beaten by Yizhixie for a while, they abandoned their helmets and armor and fled in all directions. Most of the soldiers under King Youguli even turned their backs on the battlefield and surrendered to Yizhixie. In less than a month, various tribes were annexed one after another. As a result, Yizhixie expanded from 30,000 to 80,000, and then to 130,000 after annexing most of King Zuoxian's main force at the end of August. The ambitious Yi Zhixie was determined to attack his young nephew Yu Shan completely, and used force to persuade Yu Shan to give up his position as the great Dan Yu. Yi Zhixie's perverse behavior naturally angered the nobles loyal to the Great Chanyu. Originally, many people were optimistic about Yi Zhi's support for the new Great Chanyu in stabilizing the Xiongnu's foundation, but they did not expect that he turned out to be a white-eyed wolf who only wanted to usurp the throne. So the Dragon City Rebellion broke out at the end of August. As the commander of the Shanyu side, he quietly accepted the defeat. Zhao She, who was on the run as a soldier, also advised the young Yu Dan to watch more and do less, sit on the mountain and watch the fight between tigers and tigers before making a decision. Zhao She replaced Yu Shan and commanded 120,000 Shan Yu elites, which defeated Yizhi Xie's attempt to disobey Yizhi Xie, and then relied on Longcheng to engage in a desperate confrontation with Yizhi Xie. This was probably because of the internal strife among the Xiongnu, which allowed the Xianbei people in the direction of Gong Lushui to find an opportunity to break through the defense line. Rushing straight into the east foot of Langjuxu Mountain, Yizhixie was so frightened that he yelled and quickly stopped fighting and made peace with the Xianbei people. The conditions for the two sides to strike out are intriguing. Yu Shan is unable to deprive Yi Zhixie, a rebellious minister and traitor, of his military power, while Yi Zhixie is unable to break into Longcheng, which two generations of Shanyus have worked hard to build. Each side gives in to Yi Zhixie's decision to give up his claim to be a Shanyu. To be named King Zuoxian, Yu Shan must give up control of Shan Yuting Long City and allow him to take away all the things and people in the city. In fact, this is tantamount to admitting Yu Shan¡¯s failure in disguise, but it is also something that cannot be done. The elite cavalry left by the military minister Shanyu are brave and good.??Only obeying the personal command of the military minister Shan Yu. Shan Yu was young and had no prestige and could not control the army. His meager military experience could not be said to be proficient in battle formation command. Asking Zhao She, an outsider, to command the Xiongnu elite was even more unconvincing. , but only Zhao She, an outsider teacher, could be trusted by Yu Shanyu. Neither the commander of the king's warriors nor the commander of Shan Yu's cavalry could reassure him. The young Shan Yu knew his predicament and stood by his side. Every high-ranking military officer may raise the flag of rebellion at any time and become a second Yi Zhixie. So Zhao She formulated a strategy for him to resolve the crisis. He asked Yi Zhixie to swallow the poisonous bait of King Zuo Xian at the cost of withdrawing from Longcheng. He was left to defend the Xianbei people, while Yu Shanyu had to gather the grasslands as quickly as possible. The major tribes in the Han Dynasty selected tribes who were willing to follow the migration. The last step was to appease the noble leaders of the tribes who were still loyal to Shan Yu in the court, and sent envoys to the Han emperor to negotiate a peace policy and migrate south or west. The Xiongnu nobles were firmly opposed to migration, but they had to face the reality. It is certain that Yi Zhixie will seize Longcheng, although his elite Chengdu troops are far inferior to Shanyu's troops. However, the current prestige of the Great Chanyu cannot suppress the morale of the army at all, and he will definitely not be able to defeat Yi Zhixie, who is experienced in the army. Moreover, the right territory of the Xiongnu in the west is being snatched by the Hujie people for their territory and their cattle and sheep. The southern part is being swept by the fierce Han army and is being reorganized by the Han people. The Xianbei people in the east are leading the barbarians to fight and kill the Xiongnu. Human race, horrible things happen one after another. In the end, we had to make a choice: go to the northeast to kill the Xianbei people, go to the west to fight for territory with the Hujie people, go to the south to be taken over by the Han court and reorganize, go north to the colder Arctic and play with polar bears, or stay where you are and be killed by Yizhixie. The Xianbei people, the Han army, the Hujie people and the cold winter were playing to death. In an era that was better than bad, there was only the difference between bad and worse. The Huns nobles used their few wisdom to calculate the pros and cons with their fingers. It was not until the first batch of cold air blew from the north that they realized the time left for them to think about it and There was not enough, so they made their own decisions, either heading west, south, or staying where they were. Yu Shan and Zhao She of course want to go west. But there wasn't much space left for them in the west, so they had to go northwest-northwest to sweep Ding Ling and Kun Kun farther away. When the snowflakes fell on the earth, what the Han envoys saw when they came to Longcheng was an empty city with few people. As well as some of the Xianbei nobles who stayed outside the city and the Han slaves who lived and farmed here. These Han people's efforts were bargaining chips for the Xiongnu and the Han court to negotiate peace, whether they were guarding Yizhixie near Langjuxu Mountain. Or maybe Yu Shan, who had already left his hometown, had no intention of continuing to be enemies with the Han people. Negotiating peace and releasing him was the final option, and Yi Zhixie was not stupid enough to block it. What he wants is Dragon City. As for the population, he can collect it from all over Mobei. What's more, there are still a large number of Monan tribesmen who have fled to Mobei. This is the basis for Yi Zhixie's confidence that he can maintain his foundation. It wasn't until the beginning of the third year of Yuanguang, when the spring blossoms and the snow melted, that the Han chariots and horses came from far away to bring these Han people, who had been fearful for decades, back to their hometown. The Mobei grassland and the nearby cultivated land were eagerly waiting for the opportunity to teach the Xianbei people a harsh lesson. The emperor Liu Che got his wish and captured a large area of ????Monan. For his great achievements in defeating the Huns, Wei Qing was granted the title of General and Changping Marquis, with thousands of households living in the city. Li Guang, Gongsun Ao, and Li Xi were also granted the title of marquis for their merits, and Pingjihou Xue Zeyi was granted the title of a marquis. Thousands of households, and the rest each received a reward. Zuoyi, Hedong, where the emperor temporarily camped, was also renamed Wenxi to celebrate the emperor's joyful mood when he was happy. After the emperor was free to deal with government affairs, he was shocked to find that Cao Shi, who was guarding Jincheng Fortress, had already left last year. With him, there were more than 100,000 carefully trained black-armored warriors. Cao Shi was leaving In April of the year when the war in Mobei was at its fiercest, he asked himself to expand his territory to the west, and once again asked the emperor to approve the previous memorial, and ordered three million people and 400,000 prisoners to move westward to guard the west of the Hexi Corridor. The land of Guron. The emperor originally did not want to agree, but Cao Shi was willing to donate all the properties operated by the Pingyang Marquis Mansion in Chang'an to the imperial estate, and was willing to summon those military nobles who were an eyesore to the emperor to go to the northwest border. The emperor thought about it before thinking about it. Feeling that the land of Huahua in the Western Region was far less fertile than that of the Central Plains, and the imperial court held the newly developed Jincheng Fortress complex in Longxi, it could be said to be impregnable, and was not afraid of the possibility at all, so it went ahead. At first, Liu Che was still very concerned about monitoring Cao Shi's actions. Later, as news of Wei Qing's troops attacking Monan and the civil strife in Mobei came, the emperor finally couldn't sit still and drove to Zuoyi, Hedong to personally command the border and decide military and political affairs. , followed by the empress Wei Zifu and the prince Liu Zhi and other large family members. Dou Ying stayed in Chang'an City to take care of minor matters. All major military and state affairs were transferred to Zuoyi, Hedong, for the emperor to handle personally. , and the edict allowing Cao Shi to move the people was just a "trivial matter." Manchu DynastyEveryone in the civil and military circles knew that Cao Shi had intentionally left. Most people felt sorry for the fate of this talented cavalry general, and even more regretted his foolish choice to go to a foreign land further than the Hexi Corridor. They tried their best to persuade him in the past few days. No remonstrance or even persecution could change Cao Shi's determination. Dou Ying understood Cao Shi's thoughts better than the officials in the court, and he was also part of Cao Shi's migration plan. No matter what, the Dou family is still one of the princes. At this moment, except for the nephew Wei Qing, Enze Hou Li Guang, Li Xi, Gongsun Ao and others, as well as the princes and princes of the Liu family's princes and kings branches, The Lu family has been ruined for decades. The Bo family has declined to the point where there is no one, and the Dou family has declined to the point where there is no one. The finished family of Chen Ajiao cannot be considered as relatives. They do not have the privileges of relatives. It's just an ordinary prince's treatment. Dou Ying, on the other hand, is well aware of the changes in the court. Today, the emperor is wise, powerful and powerful, and plans to strategize and dominate the world to create an unprecedented prosperous age for the Han Dynasty. This prosperous age is the prosperity of the emperor, the prosperity of famous ministers, but not the prosperity of princes. Especially not in the prosperous age of all nobles except the Marquis of Waiqi, the Marquis of Princes, and the Marquis of Enze, Dou Ying had long lost the emperor's trust. The reason why he remained in office until now was just because the emperor's confidant was not qualified enough, so he temporarily held the position of prime minister. The emperor has options, but the cunning rabbit has three holes. Dou Ying is not stubborn, so he naturally knows that eggs cannot be put in the same basket. Although he is also extremely dissatisfied with Cao Shi's plan for the Western Regions, he is smart enough to know that it is meaningless to stop Cao Shi. Taking the opportunity to provide convenience and forge a good relationship, maybe according to the magic in the past, Cao Shi can pull off another beautiful trick. He never thought that the hasty farewell in Weiyang Palace would be the last time the two of them saw each other. Cao Shiyuan left for the Western Regions and never came back. However, Dou Ying was cautious and cautious and served as prime minister for five more years before he was dismissed by the emperor and returned home to take care of his old age. He died of illness in Chang'an three years later. Accompanying Cao Shi back to Chang'an were his family members, until the Xianbei people stabilized all fronts in Langjuxu Mountain and summoned Meng Chunyu and Tiying couple. Weibu Guangzhuangsu and his wife, Chen Zhangzhaoru and his wife, and other old members of the Marquis Mansion all returned to the team, except for those who were old and sick and unable to move westward, who stayed in the old house of Pingyang Marquis State for their retirement. The young men and women recruited from the prince's country and the old people from the prince's house in Chang'an were all taken away. The property in the mansion was sold out, and the palace was left to the Shaofu Prime Minister to take over and turn it into the property of Huangzhuang. besides. Eyewitnesses once saw a woman suspected of being Liu Ling, a light carriage disappearing from Chang'an City forever behind the large group of people following the Cao family, some people said that there was a sound of a baby crying in the carriage, and there are various other market rumors. Therefore, Liu An, the Marquis of Huainan, remained silent and said that he had no idea where his daughter was and that he devoted himself wholeheartedly to the book "Hong Lie" and planned to go further and further on the road of establishing a reputation. In Changle Palace, the Queen Mother was very reluctant to leave her daughter, and she couldn't understand why the ice-snow and smart Liu Kuan would be stupid enough to listen to her son-in-law Cao Shi and follow him to open up wasteland in the Western Regions thousands of miles away. Even if she could really find a piece of Feng Shui The treasure land is suitable for settlement and farming, but how come it is so far away from the imperial court? The Queen Mother Wang Nan was firmly against Princess Yangxin going to the Western Regions. However, the Queen Mother's arm could not twist the Emperor's thigh. Liu Che thought that if the eldest sister wanted to follow her husband-in-law to the Western Regions, just let her go! Anyway, all the real estate Cao Shi had accumulated over the years had been transferred to the Imperial Estate. At worst, the couple would have to endure hardships in the Western Regions for a few years before being recalled to Chang'an. In desperation, Wang Ao allowed them to leave. Before leaving, the old woman couldn't bear to leave her daughter and grandchildren. She took out all the gold, silver and jewelry gifts sent by princes and kings from various places that she had accumulated in Changle Palace over the years and gave them to Liu. Huan, I just hope that the couple can live a comfortable and peaceful life in the Western Regions. Before leaving, I repeatedly told them to come back quickly if they encounter any difficulties in the Western Regions. It is just a matter of the imperial court appointing a new farming officer. Check out Chang'an. On July 16, the third year of Yuanguang, Jianzhang Palace was in the luxurious palace complex of Taiye Pool. "Brother-in-law and sister are gone?" Liu Che held the long letter in his hand with a disappointed look on his face: "I originally wanted to keep my brother-in-law by my side to take part in military and national affairs, but" Wei Zifu gently leaned against Liu Che and said with a smile. : "Your Majesty, why should you sigh? I can see from the lines in this sentence that the cavalry general is in a good mood. Look at this sentence Although the Western Region is bitter, although there are many Rong tribes, and although the people are in trouble, I am not afraid. I have your Majesty's grace above me, and there are nobles in the middle who are dedicated to their lives." , The soldiers and the people are working hard, I think there will be a change in a few years Your Majesty, you see that the ambition of the cavalry general has not changed." "Yes! I also noticed it, so I feel uncomfortable!" Liu Che stared at Chang Xin. After a long silence, there was still a pile of letters written by his sister, Princess Yang Xinchang, to him and the Queen Mother on the table. In a blink of an eye, it was already halfway through the third year of Jianyuan, and it had been nearly a year since Cao Shi left. The last batch of people heading to the Western Regions left Jincheng Fortress a month ago. The emperor himself did not know when he would see his sister and his wife again.Husband. After a long time, when it was time to light up the lanterns in Jianzhang Palace, Liu Che woke up from his memories: "Forget it! I will give him the last gift and call Sang Hongyang to draw up the edict Well, he will have a rest today? That's all. Zifu has extraordinary literary talents. You will prepare an edict for me. When you make Pingyang Marquis Cao a general of chariots and cavalry, you will be allowed to open a mansion in the Western Regions. If he makes great achievements in the future, he will be made a marquis and rewarded all from the Western Regions. It is allowed. He is engaged in industry, commerce, farming and guarding the border, but he must stick to the banner of the Han Empire. He must remember that I am the emperor and you are my ministers!" Liu Che paced back and forth for a long time, and then said: "I believe that all military and political affairs in the Western Regions can be decided by themselves. Your ability can handle it. In the future, if the territory is expanded, a chief historian will be appointed to supervise all government affairs in the Western Region. As for matters thousands of miles away from the Western Region I will not care about it. Let him make his own decision without disturbing the court! Remember, I still remember Gaozu's White Horse Oath, and I hope you will no longer swear by it!" After saying all this, Liu Che seemed to have mobilized most of his strength, holding Wei Zifu's arm and looking at the bright moon hanging in the west. , unable to speak for a long time. "Zifu, my sister and brother-in-law may not come back." Wei Zifu gently hugged the number one man in the world, feeling his body trembling slightly, looking at the bright moon in the distance with a peaceful smile: "I know, A long time ago, when I was still very young, I heard the prince say that there was an ancient country outside the Western Regions called Greece. In recent times, it was annexed by the powerful Rome. It had many seas and islands, with prosperous literature and numerous saints. The prince also said that in his lifetime I want to take a walk there, take a look, and engrave on the wall of Athens the words 'The Great Han Cao visited here'" Wei Zifu smiled sweetly and talked about the anecdotes that were forgotten in the corner in his childhood. Liu Che held her in his arms and listened quietly without saying a word. Slowly, he showed an expression of sudden realization. Perhaps it was his lifelong ambition to cross the Sea of ??Death (Taklamakan Desert) and travel far away. Cao Shi put down his heavy burden. Pick up the ambition you had back then and start your journey again. "End" (to be continued, please search Piaotian Literature, the novel is better and updated faster! ps: It is difficult to take into account most of the content by reducing the content of 1.2 million words to 12,000 words. We can only wait for the next book to explain one after another. . There is a complete summary at the end.