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From February to October 680

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    Britain and the United States formally reached an agreement to form an offensive and defensive alliance, which put greater pressure on the Soviet Union.  Because in terms of strength, the United Kingdom and the United States together account for almost half of the world's industrial and economic capabilities. If France, which is also a NATO country, is included, the alliance system between Britain, the United States, and France has almost an overwhelming advantage.  "Looking at the allies of the Soviet Union, they are almost a group of poor brothers. With this group of miserable people, how can they compete with the rich and handsome men such as Britain, the United States, and France?  Anyway, in terms of strength, the gap is indeed very large. If the Soviet Union allows this alliance to encircle and suppress itself to emerge, it will indeed be more dangerous.  But how could Li Xiaofeng just sit back and wait for death?  In the international community, alliances are inevitable. If you don't follow this routine, there is really only a dead end.  Li Xiaofeng did not want to seek death, so when Britain and the United States continued to get closer, he also began to make arrangements in advance. It was unrealistic and impossible to break up the alliance between Britain and the United States.  So Li Xiaofeng's efforts in this regard were not in vain.  But in the NATO group, there are not only Britain and the United States, but also France, which does not seem to be that important.  Speaking of which, France is also weird. At the end of World War II, it was relatively close to the Soviet Union. It once severely cheated Britain and the United States. However, with the economic downturn and the resignation of de Gaulle, the situation has undergone a 180-degree change.  Abandoned the Soviet Union and embraced the United States.  This caused many agreements between the Soviet Union and France to come to an end in the early post-war period, and most of Li Xiaofeng's efforts were in vain.  ¡°However, Li Xiaofeng was not too anxious at the time because he knew the French very well. At best, French people are very romantic and emotional in dealing with things, but at worst, French people are more romantic.  Especially during the period after the war, because the victory in World War II was relatively weak, the French people's national emotions were relatively excited. As long as everything rises to the level of the nation and the country, then wait and see the good show!  What show are you going to watch?  Naturally, it is a good show for the Americans. I have said before that the fundamental purpose of the United States' aid to France is not to help France rise again, but to control France.  The essence of the Marshall Plan was actually to control Europe.  The French Fourth Republic fully accepted the so-called aid from the United States, and France paid a certain price to obtain life-saving money.  Logically speaking, this is acceptable, but the proud people of France do not see it that way. From subsequent public opinion polls, it can be seen that French people are rare in Europe and believe that US aid is not the fundamental reason to help France recover its economy.  It is believed that it was precisely because of accepting the so-called aid from the United States that France lost its political independence and autonomy.  You see, the French really don¡¯t buy the fault of the United States. In fact, the French don¡¯t buy anyone¡¯s fault. They are so proud that they only think that they are the best. In fact, from the very beginning, the French have been obsessed with the Fourth Republic.  Not a good impression. To understand this, we must first look at how the Fourth Republic was born.  It should be said that the Fourth Republic was deformed from the beginning. In October 1945, France held its first post-war referendum. The vast majority of citizens advocated abandoning the 1875 Constitution and drafting a new one.  But what kind of constitution do the French need?  There were considerable differences. For example, General de Gaulle, who was the head of the provisional government at the time, strongly opposed the implementation of a multi-party system and a parliamentary system in France, believing that this would lead to the weakness of the national power.  He advocated the adoption of a new constitution through a referendum by all citizens and the establishment of a presidential bourgeois republic, with the president assuming all power to improve the government's administrative capabilities.  It's just that de Gaulle's ideals were full but the reality was very skinny. De Gaulle could not control the situation at all. The French Communist Party, the Socialist Party and the People's Republican Party, which emerged from the resistance movement, won many votes and votes in the Constituent Assembly election in October 1945.  seats and became the three major parties in parliament.  Although de Gaulle is the head of the government, he has no power in the parliament.  The parties in the Constituent Assembly also disagreed with de Gaulle's ideas. They demanded the establishment of a parliament with the highest power and the establishment of a multi-party parliamentary republic.  Even de Gaulle's ideas failed to gain support from the French people.  The French people, who suffered from the suffering of the war and the suppression of German fascism, yearned for freedom after the war and demanded more freedom. There was a strong resistance to the idea of ??strengthening government power.  Under this circumstance, de Gaulle said that France will "inevitably return to the old path of parliamentarism." Let's put it this way, this Fourth Republic is actually not much different from the Third Republic, it is almost the same as the Third Republic.  Replica.  More importantly, the results of the constitutional amendments promoted by the Fourth Republic were not ideal.  The new constitution adopted in October 1946 was not widely accepted by the French people. In fact, this constitution was barely adopted. According to the voting results, about 9 million French people agreed with the new constitution, while 8 million opposed it.  Constitution, and another 8 million people abstained.  In the words of de Gaulle, the French people¡¯s attitude towards the new constitution is: ¡°One-thirdThe French are resigned to their fate, one-third of the French are against it, and one-third of the French don't understand it at all.  ¡± Naturally, the political system built around such a low-support constitution will not be liked by the French. According to the new constitution, France is a parliamentary republic, and the power of the parliament is quite large. So what does this new parliament look like?  ? The National Assembly was composed of various political parties representing the interests of different classes or social groups. At that time, there were many political parties in France, and there was never a stable majority. During the Fourth Republic, there were mainly six political parties with almost equal strength.  The political groups are composed of the Socialist Party, which represents the interests of the petty bourgeoisie, the People's Republican Party (Christian Democratic Party), which has Catholics as its main social pillar, the French Democratic Party, which represents the interests of the working class, and the Radical Socialist Party, which represents the interests of the middle class.  Party), the Alliance Fran?aise headed by de Gaulle, and the traditional conservatives. In addition, there are also some small parties, such as the Democratic Socialist Resistance Alliance, the Breeders, the Liberal Republicans and the Independents.  . Unlike countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, French political parties have a relatively short history, coupled with internal divisions and the narrow interests they represent, so they "have not taken root in the entire society and have no support in the National Assembly."  In the election, the abstention of many elected representatives illustrates this point. Since no political party has an absolute majority in the parliament, each party has its own opinions on the policies proposed by the government, and it is difficult to reach a unanimous view. The parliament is often endless.  The multi-party existence of the National Assembly determines that the cabinet is usually composed of a mixture of several different parties (the so-called coalition government). Due to internal differences of opinion and mutual strife, the cabinet may be simply destroyed at any time.  Overturned by a vote (it seems that France also applies to the unchanging truth that one monk carries water to eat, two monks carry water to eat, and three monks have no water to eat). After he stepped down, de Gaulle once said sarcastically: "And these votes are often just.  It can express the sentiments of those who can¡¯t wait to be ministers.¡± After de Gaulle stepped down, the three major political parties in the French Constituent Assembly, the Socialist Party and the People¡¯s Republican Party, signed a three-party coalition agreement to form a cabinet, beginning a period of three-party coalition governance. However,  This coalition did not last long, and soon the three-party coalition broke down, and * was expelled from the government. After that, the period of "third force" came into power, that is, the centrist force, including the Socialist Party, the Radical Socialist Party and the People's Party.  The Republicans, etc., oppose both the left-wing revolution and the right-wing Alliance Fran?aise, and advocate the establishment of an alliance of centrist forces between the two. However, the composition of the centrist is constantly changing. It is "composed of various interest groups."  "a very unstable coalition". In February 1950, the Socialist Party withdrew from the government and joined the opposition. The People's Republic of China suffered a disastrous defeat in the 1951 election, and the "third force" fell apart. In this way, the battles between evenly matched parties  The National Assembly, the center of power in the country, has been plunged into endless quarrels. At the same time, the constant divisions and alliances between the various parties have led to frequent changes in the government cabinet (ministers in the cabinet do not last long anyway, and the average term is very short.  Pitiful).  Because the government is strictly restricted by the parliament, it is difficult for the government to formulate a set of long-term national plans and put these plans into practice.  Therefore, problems that require long-term efforts to solve, such as schools, housing, transportation, and social welfare, are backlogged by the government and postponed.  For major issues related to national security and foreign policy, the government often adopts an ostrich-like avoidance policy because it is afraid that improper handling will lead to attacks from the parliament.  Guy's government has publicly advocated a "do nothing" policy in an attempt to circumvent difficulties instead of facing up to contradictions and solving problems.  The multi-party system in parliament severely limited the government's administrative capabilities. Edgar Faure, who had only been prime minister for 40 days, complained deeply about this.  He pointed out: "For the head of government, parliamentary system is really intolerablethe policies he implements are rarely his own policies. That is to say, the policies he implements are just what he wants and is afraid of smashing  The government's administrative capabilities are limited, and numerous social, economic, political and diplomatic issues cannot be resolved in a timely manner, making the government a target for attacks by the entire society, especially the opposition parties.  The change of cabinet is only a stop-gap measure to ease dissatisfaction and will not help to fundamentally resolve the domestic political crisis.  Think about it, can the French be satisfied with such a painful state?  Moreover, France not only had internal problems at that time, but the external problems it faced were no smaller than those of Britain. It also had to face the tide of colonial liberation.  The colonial people's demand for national independence has become an irresistible and powerful historical trend.  In Indochina, Madagascar, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria in Africa, the voices against French colonial rule grew louder and louder.  French colonists carried out the national independence movement in the coloniesCrazy and brutal repression.  However, the barbaric behavior of the colonists can only arouse greater anger and resistance among the colonial people.  Under the tenacious struggle of the colonial people, the French army retreated steadily and suffered heavy losses.  These failures not only wasted a lot of money, but also deepened the army's dissatisfaction with the government. The army generally believed that the government had betrayed them. While they were "fighting bloody battles," the government easily succumbed to international pressure, leaving the army  Giving up the interests belonging to the French people.  In other words, the French Fourth Republic was already in a state of turmoil at this time. The internal political parties were fighting in a mess and nothing could be accomplished. Externally, they were under pressure from the Soviet Union and the United States. They suffered defeat after defeat on the colonial issue. In addition,  The economy is still sluggish and social welfare cannot be guaranteed. It can be said that the fall of the Fourth Republic is only a matter of time.  Historically, the Fourth Republic was shaky and supported until it was overthrown by De Gaulle in 1959. At this time and space, because the Soviet Union exerted more pressure, and De Gaulle was much stronger than in history, the Fourth Republic fell.  It's faster and more sudden, all it needs is a fuse.  In fact, there is not just one fuse but three fuses that detonated the French Fourth Republic, namely Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria.  Comrades who are familiar with the history of World War II will quickly feel that these three places look familiar. Are they not the three locations of Operation Torch?  Yes, in order to reduce the difficulty, Operation Torch specifically selected three French colonies in North Africa.  Objectively speaking, Operation Torch kicked off the Allied forces' opening of new battlefields and strategic counteroffensives, but it also shook French rule in these three areas to varying degrees.  After the victory of World War II, the national liberation movements in these three areas came one after another, and together with Vietnam, the French were distressed. In the post-war economic situation, in order to quell the rebellion in the colonies, the Fourth Republic had to continuously increase military investment.  , which makes the French people, whose social welfare is already very poor, intolerable.  From a practical point of view, the French should choose to cut off their flesh and blood, or be smarter and learn from the successful experience of the British, giving up their colonies while retaining some contradictions and conflict points, so as to play with both sides of the conflict, so as to achieve the purpose of divide and rule.  It's a pity that the pride of the French prevented them from accepting the British approach. They chose toughness versus toughness and devoted themselves desperately to encircling and suppressing the rebels. In the end, they spent all their money and were scolded by the international community. In the end, nothing was gained.  arrive.  Of course, this is a long-term process in history. Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia only started to develop in the mid-to-late 1950s.  However, that was in history. In this time and space, a certain immortal secretly strengthened the pace of these three groups (To be continued.)
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