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Text Chapter 1654: Mutual restraint

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    "Uh! You mean, they have no way of nomadic life at all?" Huangshan's reaction was as fast as ever, but he just didn't want to, and he didn't want to use his brain.  "In recent decades, the desertification of the grassland here has been very serious. In addition, with mining happening in various places, the minerals have naturally encroached on the grassland. The number of herdsmen here shows how much grassland has been occupied." Han Kongque said.  "The area of ??Outer Mongolia is not small." Huangshan still didn't believe it.  Han Kongque said: "It's not small, but you haven't seen how much desertification there is now? Also, this is not a country. This is private ownership. Many grasslands are owned by owners. Where can people graze freely? Here?  Here, you can¡¯t complain if you invade someone else¡¯s pasture.¡± ¡°The main reason is the desertification of the pasture due to overgrazing,¡± Mu Ling also said.  According to statistics from relevant departments in Outer Mongolia, in the past 40 years, 425% of Outer Mongolia¡¯s land area has been desertified to varying degrees, and it is growing at an annual rate of 13%.  In many places in Outer Mongolia, it is difficult to see oases even in summer. Forests have been greatly reduced, grassland vegetation has been destroyed, rainfall and snowfall have decreased, and the land has become desertified. All of this has been reflected in the media in Outer Mongolia.  ¡°However, Outer Mongolia is facing many economic difficulties and is currently unable to control the ecological and environmental desertification.  If there has been a change, then it is from the end of the 20th century to the present, when the Outer Mongolians who just had some money began to engage in greening, so that the green ecological barrier reappeared on the land of Outer Mongolia.  From 1998 to 2003, the forest area of ??Outer Mongolia increased from 2.8 billion acres to 3.2 billion acres, and the forest coverage rate increased from 148% to 175%. The average annual increase in forest coverage rate was 0.56%, which was ten times that of the 1980s.  .  Since 1998, eight major ecological construction projects have been implemented here, including comprehensive management of water and soil in the ecological environment, returning farmland to forest, returning grazing land to grassland, and protecting natural forest resources. The total investment by 2010 reached 12 billion yuan.  We continue to take measures to protect the current vegetation in the sandy area, strictly prohibit indiscriminate logging, mining and excavation, and make rational use of grassland. At this time, the ecology has improved significantly.  " However, it is easier to destroy than to build. It is obviously impossible to completely restore the ecological environment here after spending more than ten years and spending tens of billions.  Therefore, half of the population in Outer Mongolia can still graze, while the other half can only gather in the capital and eke out a living.  Carloads of supplies were exchanged for groups of people. Seeing more and more vehicles, Zhou Chengyun was a little dumbfounded.  "Where did you get so many supplies?" After staying in Outer Mongolia for a few days, Zhou Chengyun knew that although it could not be said that there was a shortage of supplies here, there were not many light industrial products. Now, where did Han Peacock get so many?  Living supplies?  Han Peacock chuckled twice and said: "It was shipped from China. Don't you know that the domestic small commodity wholesale market controls the entire small supermarket in Outer Mongolia?" "Of course I know this, but we brought in so many things at once.  , Aren¡¯t some people¡¯s hearts about to be broken again?¡± Zhou Chengyun also laughed.  Han Kongque said: "The elite know too much, think and see too clearly, so they are naturally sad. Also, seeing that their decades of hard work are about to disappear, there must be many people like Jing who shed tears.  "There is no way around this. Outer Mongolia is a landlocked country, and from a national perspective, they do not have the custom of producing their own food, so they basically rely on foreign countries for supplies.  Since they split from China, they are still mainly based on animal husbandry, their industrial base is very weak, and they are still under the absolute control of Russian debt or foreign capital, and their economic development is extremely slow.  After more than 50 years of economic construction, Outer Mongolia has developed into an important base for livestock products, energy, and raw materials in northern China, and is becoming an important part of China's strategic base for the cross-century energy industry.  Relying on their energy and mineral advantages, they have rapidly developed steel, non-ferrous metals, building materials, chemicals and other raw material industries, and have gained huge development potential.  Domestic western development will further leverage Outer Mongolia¡¯s existing advantages, accelerate the process of industrial structure adjustment and optimization, and create new advantages for economic development, making Outer Mongolia an important fulcrum for China¡¯s economic growth in the 21st century.  Many people have seen this, but cannot change it. Therefore, many Outer Mongolians are now dissatisfied with China because they have seen the truth clearly. If China closes its borders, they will starve to death.  Therefore, when China developed the western region and needed minerals from Outer Mongolia, the Outer Mongolians were happy because they had the capital to threaten the Chinese.  But the Chinese are not stupid either!  Therefore, a series of changes occurred later, and in the end it was the small country and the people who suffered.  Maybe it¡¯s the coal mine that attracts?These foreigners are coming to this desert, but coal is only part of the resources buried beneath this country waiting to be exploited.  This country of herdsmen now knows its own advantages, so they have begun to tirelessly exploit these resources.  ¡°Outer Mongolia not only has huge coal resources that can meet China¡¯s needs in the next 50 years, but is also rich in copper, gold, uranium and other mineral resources that are scarce in the world.  However, although Outer Mongolia is blessed with unique geological conditions, its geographical conditions are extremely unfavorable.  This landlocked country is sandwiched between China and Russia, and its more than 3 million citizens face a dilemma: every road to prosperity passes through the territory of its neighboring countries.  Both Moscow and Beijing have to pay a high price for this transit convenience.  This problem is even more obvious in the Tabunt Tolgoi coal mine project. Oyu Tolgoi means "turquoise mountain" in Mongolian and is located in Khanbauged County, South Gobi Province, Outer Mongolia. Preliminary exploration  Mining copper reserves are 31.1 million tons, gold reserves are 1,328 tons, and silver reserves are 7,600 tons.  It has been put into production in 2013 and is expected to be mined for 50 years. The output of copper concentrate (above ground part) of the Oyu Tolgoi project has reached 1 million tons, less than two years after the first production.  It also contains the world¡¯s largest untapped coal resources, only 225 kilometers away from the Chinese border.  Ordinarily, the most practical way is to develop it only with China. Anyway, almost all the coal will eventually be sold there.  But Outer Mongolia has other plans. Fearing that China will gain excessive political influence, the Outer Mongolian government has been wavering over who will develop this coal mine with estimated reserves of 900 million tons for several years.  Most of the high-quality coke resources necessary for steelmaking are buried here. The two major bidders are Chinese state-owned enterprises and a multinational mining giant located in St. Louis state in the United States.  In addition, there are joint consortiums from Russia and Outer Mongolia, as well as companies from Japan and South Korea.  As Outer Mongolia¡¯s long-standing major donor and diplomatic ally, U.S. energy companies have worked hard to secure mining rights.  Now, the future relationship between Outer Mongolia and the United States depends to a large extent on the final outcome of this transaction.  ¡°However, seeing the government¡¯s calculations, China also began to exert constant diplomatic pressure.  The battle for resources highlights the antagonism between Washington and Beijing as they seek influence in Asia.  However, that's not all. Outer Mongolia still has a chaotic democratic system, which is expected to be turned upside down in the recent parliamentary election. This will also affect the efforts to reach an international mining agreement in Tavan Tolgoi.  What a mess.  In fact, a consultant from Outer Mongolia said it right. They are a small country sandwiched between two elephants. It is impossible for them to go to war, so they can only ensure economic growth through diplomatic means.  ¡°But this approach is difficult to win support from recalcitrant nationalists.  In the more than 20 years since Outer Mongolia broke away from Soviet control, nationalists have become increasingly powerful.  They complain all day long, saying that every transaction between the government and world powers or multinational companies is stained with traces of corruption.  The media in Outer Mongolia always report the terrible news that the grasslands are polluted by mining, as well as the stories of herders abandoning their livestock to work in the mines.  Why there are so many people opposed is because most Outer Mongolians have not received much of the wealth generated from underground mining.  This is why Outer Mongolians are most angry when foreign companies own their country¡¯s mineral resources.  ¡°Many Outer Mongolians are still dissatisfied with an agreement in 2009 that gave 66% of Oyu Tolgoi¡¯s shares to Canada¡¯s Ivanhoe Mines.  Therefore, if you want to open a mine in Outer Mongolia, the best way is to find the mineral deposits yourself. After you find it, you can tie more Outer Mongolians to the chariot, so that the project can proceed smoothly.  This is what Han Kongque is doing now. Because he is Chinese, he will be restricted by some Outer Mongolians. However, relatively speaking, because he is Chinese, any project can be developed without much difficulty.  As for foreigners, it¡¯s difficult, because no matter how much ore they dig out, they have to go through China and Russia before they can be transported away. Without the permission of these two countries, they can¡¯t take away even a piece of garbage.  Therefore, no matter how much the Outer Mongolians try, they cannot escape the hands of China and Russia, and this is especially true for the Oyu Tolgoi project, which is closer to China.  Oyu Tolgoi has the world's largest unexploited copper and gold mines, but it is in the hands of the Ivanhoe Group, a majority stake of which belongs to the Australian University.Rio Tinto in Asia.  Therefore, this project was a bit difficult to come by. It was planned for six years. After two years of intense negotiations, Rio Tinto Group reached an agreement with the Outer Mongolia government for a US$5.4 billion Oyu Tolgoi copper and gold mine.  Expansion project, clearing obstacles.  
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