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Text 142. Apple Inc.

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    Cupertino is one of the core cities of Silicon Valley in the United States. This city is not big and is just a small livable city in the United States. Apple has its headquarters here since its establishment.  The president of Apple is Steve Jobs. He is only 21 years old this year and can be regarded as a young man. Because of Chen Yihua¡¯s financial support, Apple¡¯s development is very smooth.  In his previous life, Steve was not as lucky as he is now when he first founded Apple. In the original history, in order to raise funds for mass production of computers, Jobs sold his Volkswagen car, and Woz also sold his cherished car.  HP Model 65 Calculator.  In this way, they had 1,300 US dollars to lay the foundation for Apple. In the early days of its establishment, the business of "Apple" machines was very slow.  In this world, because of Chen Yihua's support, the founding capital of Apple has increased from 1,300 US dollars to 100,000 US dollars. With sufficient funds to operate, Apple not only has a large assembly factory, but its first computer is also better than in previous lives.  There are many more, and its appearance is much more fashionable and better-looking than the Apple I in its previous life. At that time, most computers did not have monitors, but Apple I used a TV as a monitor.  Compared with later monitors, although the Apple I's display function can only slowly display 60 words per second, it is better than some other computers on the market. In addition, the host's ROM includes boot (Bootstrap) code, which makes it easier to start.  .  Apple also designed a cassette tape interface for loading and storing programs that ran at a high speed of 1,200 bits/second.  After the Apple I was launched, the sales volume was much higher than in the previous life. Chen Yihua¡¯s funds solved a big problem for Apple, making the company fully staffed and allowing Apple Computer to have its own sales team. After the Apple I was launched, through sales and sales  There are more than 800 Apple I computers out there. Don¡¯t underestimate these 800 computers. You must know that this is not the future. Not many people know how to use computers. Apple I is a simple product. How can so many people buy it?  It is already commendable. In the previous life, Apple I only sold more than 200 units, but now it has sold four times more than in the previous life.  In fact, Apple I did not make much money for Apple. Compared with Chen Yihua¡¯s investment funds, Apple is still losing money. The retail price of an Apple I is US$1,200, and more than 800 units have been sold, excluding raw materials and labor.  In terms of expenses, the deposit profit of a computer is about 400, which means that Apple I can probably earn more than 300,000 US dollars.  Apple has been established for so long, Chen Yihua not only invested the initial 100,000 yuan, but also required a lot of funds for computer production and research and development. Chen Yihua is not capable of killing the goose to retrieve the eggs. During this period, not only did he not get a single profit from Apple, he also continued to  Put money in it and let the company conduct in-depth research and development of computers.  With Chen Yihua's financial assistance, Apple has become much stronger than in its previous life. Although Apple only sells Apple I on the market, Apple developed Apple II a long time ago, and the money does not flow to outsiders. Chen Yihua's business in Hong Kong  The company uses this product.  AppleII made some additions and improvements based on AppleI.  It first improved the casing and keyboard. The casing was designed with a plastic box - most chassis at that time were made of wood or iron - which was beige.  The second was the ability to display color graphics - something very difficult to do at the time.  The Apple II also included a larger optical disc, more expandable memory (starting at 4000) and eight expansion slots.  It has integer base hardcoded discs for easier programming, and can also be used with two gamepads and demo boxes.  The biggest difference between Apple II and Apple I includes the redesigned TV interface, which integrates the display into the memory, which not only helps display simple text, but also includes images and even color display.  Its video controller can display 24 rows x 40 columns of capital letters on the screen.  It uses NTSC mixed video output, suitable for displaying images on a screen or a TV connected to an RF module.  Apple also cooperated with Microsoft and built the IntegerBASIC programming language into the ROM.  Microsoft's BASIC language software is simple and easy to learn, and it also makes Apple II easier to operate.  As for why Apple hasn¡¯t sold the Apple II yet, firstly, it¡¯s because the company¡¯s internal engineers found many areas that needed improvement after developing the AppleII, and Apple hoped that the product could be designed more rationally. Secondly, because  With the financial support of Chen Yihua, Apple is not short of money now. Jobs and others also feel that selling Apple I first will help the company understand the market. Let Apple I be sold in the market for a period of time, and it will be used as a training for the company.  It can be regarded as a warm-up for the sales of Apple II in advance.  And now there are two major projects going on within Apple, because these two projects also limited Apple's energy and caused it to give up selling Apple II during this period.  Chen Yihua is the big boss of Apple. The combined shares of Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak are not as large as his. Chen Yihua did not interfere in the design of Apple II. He knew the current technical content.  even thoughIf you tell Steve Jobs about their future computer design concepts now, the Apple II cannot become a future computer. And according to Chen Yihua's thinking, the cost of the Apple II will definitely be much higher. If people today spend more than a thousand dollars to buy a computer, some people will buy it.  But if this computer costs more than three to four thousand US dollars, then even if someone can sell it, it will not become popular.  Chen Yihua did not interfere with Apple's research and development of Apple II, but he instructed Jobs and others to tilt Apple's research direction towards chip processors and storage technology equipment. He hoped that Apple would form scale in these two technologies. In the end, these two technologies  of manufacturing plants.  Apple I now uses the 6502 chip produced by Motorola. Although the chip technology is a high-content technology, the production process is actually very simple. The United States is a high-tech country after all. The raw material wafers for the chip are not only produced by Motorola. Here in Silicon Valley  There are many experts in integrated circuits, and there is also a lot of equipment that Apple can buy. With enough funds, enough talents, and equipment, after buying raw materials from other companies, for chip research and development, Apple only needs to invest in wafers.  The above was reprocessed, and it didn't take long for the company to have its own Apple0001 chip.  The component of the wafer is silicon, which is refined from quartz sand. The wafer is made of silicon element and is purified (99.999%). Then the pure silicon is made into silicon ingots, which become quartz semiconductors for manufacturing integrated circuits.  The material is sliced ??into wafers that are specifically needed for chip production.  Without its own wafer manufacturing plant, Apple only produces chips on behalf of others. The manufacturing cost is not as cheap as buying the 6502 chip from Motorola. However, Chen Yihua¡¯s vision is in the future. Although Apple¡¯s current chips are not yet  To achieve complete autonomy, it is also expensive, but after all, it is Apple's own thing, and the core power is much better in your own hands than in the hands of others.  Chen Yihua knows that the wafer material will be widely used in the future. Apple will build its own wafer manufacturing factory in the next step to further realize chip independence. By then, Tianyi will not have to buy goods from other companies. With Apple¡¯s support,  Tianyi doesn¡¯t have to worry about foreign companies blocking its materials. Chen Yihua wants to have these good things in his own hands in the future. With Apple¡¯s experience, it will be much easier to introduce these technologies.  Jobs and Steve Wozniak are not only the two decision-makers of Apple, but also two technical talents. Woz is good at the overall design of computers and the research and development of integrated circuits, while Jobs is good at the development of integrated circuits.  There is more research on computer disk drives. Jobs hopes to design a machine on the Apple II prototype that can connect to the computer's disk drive to make the computer's memory larger.  Chen Yihua is very concerned about the progress of Apple. Even in Hong Kong, his contact with Steve Jobs has never been broken. Although Chen Yihua was not born in a computer major in his previous life, he had a vision for future generations after all. The ideas he proposed also gave Apple Computer a lot of help.  Therefore, Jobs respected Chen Yihua's ideas and would pass his ideas on computer design to him from time to time, asking for his opinions.  Hearing that Steve Jobs wanted to develop an external machine with a disk drive, Chen Yihua thought of removable disks.  IBM is now the largest computer manufacturing company in the United States. This company introduced a disk drive for the first time in its Model 305 RAMAC in 1956. In 1956, IBM's IBM 350 RAMAC was the prototype of a modern hard drive. However, at that time, the size of this hard drive was as small as  The two refrigerators are about the same size, and their storage capacity is only 5MB.  By the time the IBM 3340 came out in 1973, it had the nickname "Winchester", which came from its two 30MB storage units, which were the caliber and ammunition load of the then-famous "Winchester Rifle".  At this point, the basic structure of the hard disk has been established.  Computer floppy disk drives emerged in 1967, when the storage group at IBM's San Jose Laboratory was tasked with developing an inexpensive device to save and transfer microcode to mainframe processors and control units.  The device had to cost less than $5, be easy to replace, and had to be portable, so the development of floppy disks began.  By 1976, floppy disk drives and hard drives had already appeared on computers. Computer storage devices were much more mature than other computer components. However, these disk drives were all placed inside the computer, and removable disks did not appear.
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