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Chapter 3728 Trial and Error

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    Chapter 3728 Trial and Error Rome has a complete development curve, from the royal era, to the republican era, to the imperial era.  The Roman imperial era was actually feudal, which was different from the Eastern dynastic era.  The East also has a complete development curve, from the black bird of the Yin and Shang Dynasty, to the Zhou rites of the Zhou Dynasty, to the two-level counties and counties of the Qin and Han Dynasties, to the later three-level states and counties, to the later civil and military system, etc  ¡­ The advantage of the parliamentary system is that it helps the nobles compete for resources, and only by pooling resources can they be better invested.  The disadvantage is that it is easy to mess up the basics, and there is no system to protect the Romans.  In the reform of Malo, the army can be the Romans. There are more and more Romans. The parliament cannot control it, so they enter the era of the empire.  The feudalism of the empire can ensure that the Romans can be a Roman after completing their obligations without worrying about being robbed of resources.  Finally, due to the discovery of the New World, the parliamentary system was revived again. A large number of nobles robbed resources and made various investments, and science and technology came to the fore.  But as the dividends disappeared, the drawbacks of the parliamentary system appeared again, that is, the resources of the Romans were constantly taken away and they became free people.  So in the end, we have to be feudal, otherwise there will be two consequences. One is to disappear like ancient Greece, and the other is that in order to protect their own resources, citizens put forward citizen supremacy and launch wars, such as heads of state.  Steal resources from other countries and maintain their own status unchanged.  Of course, there is another possibility, that is, the investment of the nobles will be lucky again, and they will receive huge dividends like the New World and technology. In this way, the parliamentary system does not have to worry and can be revived again.  As for the East, the Spring and Autumn Period was feudal. Although the nobles also wanted to extract resources to maintain their advantage, they had to rob them within the framework of Zhou Li. It could be said that they were dancing in shackles.  After the enfeoffment, as long as the people of the country fulfilled their obligations, the nobles would allocate land to them and let them become Zhou people. The result was that the land was not enough.  The nobles are the ones with no money. How can they collect money from the enfeoffed land?  So the nobles began to collect the first-acre tax.  In the past, nobles had their own public lands, and their income mainly consisted of two parts. One part was tribute, which was what they had agreed to give away.  Part of it is the labor force of his subordinates. When the nobles under his subordinates work, they will cultivate public land, which is the land of the princes.  The labor is provided by others, but the fruits of labor belong to the nobles.  After feudalism, the nobles gave away all their public lands. What should we do?  The original income from public land is gone.  So I thought of tax collection, which meant that all land was privatized, regardless of public land or private land. All land was taxed, and the nobles used the money to protect everyone's land.  Originally, the income from the nobles¡¯ public lands was their own, but now the nobles cultivated the public lands themselves, and they also had to pay one-tenth of the tax.  If the nobles set an example, everyone would naturally be willing to pay taxes, use the money to defend against foreign enemies, and build bridges and pave roads.  Of course, the promotion of the first-acre tax is very slow, and in many areas the rules of the game are still between public land and private land.  The birth of the first-acre tax also represented the collapse of the feudal system.  The land under the feudal system is passed down from generation to generation, and it is Zhou Li who allows you to farm the land.  But now that the land belongs to you, you can do with it how you want, and you don¡¯t have to worry about Zhou Li anymore.  From then on, land annexation became a big problem that could not be solved by future generations.  Because the land belongs to you, you can sell it if you sell it, and buy it if you buy it.  Unlike the feudal era, the land was entrusted by the emperor and was not allowed to be dealt with casually.  If it is dealt with, it means it is not in line with etiquette. If it is not in line with etiquette, it will lead to social death.  So in this era, the nobles were also frantically grabbing resources and investing in handicrafts.  During the Warring States Period, the main workplace for slaves was not in the fields, but in workshops.  Large workshops with thousands of people were commonplace in the Qin and Han Dynasties.  The people in the land are small nobles and savages, not slaves.  The slaves were in the handicraft workshops. They did not have any land resources and could only rely on the nobles.  Mencius wanted to restore the well-field system and restore public and private fields. In the end, he became a bereaved dog like Confucius.  As for Shang Yang, who was at the same time as Mencius, the main content of his reform was not to distinguish between private land and public land. Everyone farmed and then handed over the harvest for war. There were only two things in this country, farming and war.  There is no distinction between public land and private land, and the income from all land is concentrated to do only one thing.  It has to be said that Confucius and Mencius in Confucianism were all people who went against the trend, and Confucius was stubbornly committed to the Zhou rites.  Although Mencius believed that Zhou rites needed improvement, he was still at odds with public land and private land and insisted on restoring the public land system.  Shang Yang completely abolished public and private fields in the Qin State. Everyone had to pay taxes. Because there was a need to collect taxes, there was also a need to unify weights and measures.  In the past, it didn't matter if weights and measures were different for transactions in various places, but now that the Qin State collects taxes uniformly, it definitely needs to be unified.  So the books have the same text, the cars have the same track, and the measurements are unifiedHeng has a completely realistic need, and it is not something Qin Shihuang came up with out of thin air.  Other nobles were still concentrating resources to develop handicraft workshops, while the Qin Dynasty concentrated all its efforts on fighting, and the results were obvious.  By the time of the Han Dynasty, the emperor did not manage much land at the beginning, and the Han people only had a very small area.  As the territory became larger and larger, there were naturally more and more Han people. As a result, the territory was so large that states had to be established.  As a result, all the tax revenue goes to the state pastor, and there is no need to look at the emperor's face.  The emperor of the Han Dynasty was rich, so he promoted more Han people and more outsiders were willing to become Han people.  In various places, nobles still have to seize resources to establish advantages. Since talents from various places cannot be reused locally, they might as well become Han people.  When the Han Dynasty was first established, there were countries such as Qi and Chu, but they were not Han people.  However, although these countries were enfeoffed, they did not have a system like Zhou Li to protect the status of their people.  The nobles are frantically grabbing resources, and the status of the countrymen is not guaranteed, so they can only go to the emperor to beg for food.  The emperor has a system of prefectures and counties, which can create jobs, and everyone has changed from Qi people and Chu people to Han people.  The result was that the emperor's territory grew larger, the more Han people there were, and eventually it became too big for the emperor to control, so states were established and the emperor was sidelined.  "As a result, we are all Han people, so we have to divide the country into three, six or nine classes, and we need to be feudal.  Because feudalism is really a good way to stabilize the interior, the Nine-Rank Zhongzheng System was born.  Feudalism means clarifying everyone's obligations and rights, and fulfilling your obligations. That is, even the citizens and nobles cannot rob you of your resources.  If you rob something, it is against etiquette and you need to be condemned by society.  The caste system in Tianzhu is a kind of enfeoffment, which is very stable.  "It's a pity that feudalism can't stop the competition among nobles, so some nobles will try to transform themselves into the Han Dynasty and integrate the prefecture and county system.  Because the county system is the best way to gather resources when there are not a lot of resources. Only by concentrating efforts on big things can we stand out in the competition that is not beneficial to us.  Since everyone is feudal, it will be difficult to extract resources. It is necessary to break the feudal system and implement the system of counties and counties.  Why not a parliamentary system?  Because the parliamentary system without large dividends is unfavorable to the people of the country and the people of the country will not support it.  ¡°But the system of prefectures and counties has a sample from the Han Dynasty, which pooled resources and allowed Chinese people to gain opportunities for advancement.  Therefore, the Chinese people are willing to support the system of prefectures and counties, support the transformation of the Han Dynasty, and are willing to be Han people.  When the imperial examination was introduced in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was difficult for the feudal system to gain an advantage.  In the final analysis, the feudal system is a compromise chosen by everyone in order to maintain their own interests. Everyone has clear obligations and rights. The people of the country are still the countrymen after fulfilling their obligations. Although they cannot rise, at least they will not fall.  The imperial examination system gave Chinese people a chance to rise, so why did they support the feudal system?  Feudalism is to prevent oneself from falling, but the county system may rise. It is clear which one to choose.  Even if the obligations are fulfilled, the benefits of the county system will be greater.  ¡°And even nobles may not necessarily like enfeoffment. After all, after enfeoffment, although their status is stable, they cannot snatch resources downwards. Without resources, nothing can be done.  Feudalism is a stable state. The king, the king, the ministers, the father, the son, the son, everyone completes their obligations and stays in their position safely.  It won't rise, but at least it won't fall.  The parliamentary system is the favorite of the nobility, because the nobility can rob resources, both externally and internally.  By seizing resources, you can create your own areas of advantage.  The life of the Chinese people will become more and more miserable, so they will call for feudalism.
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