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Chapter 446 Wanli Plowing Court

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    Upon learning that Nurhachi had been arrested, all the tribes in Jianzhou and even Liaodong were shocked.  The militant faction in Jianzhou advocated uniting with the Mongolian tribes to attack Tieling and other Ming Dynasty border towns, plunder the Han people, create chaos, and force the court to release people.  But most of them still see the situation clearly and believe that the group is leaderless and sending troops rashly is tantamount to striking an egg with an egg. The top priority is to elect a new leader first to avoid the division of the tribe.  In this regard, most of the ministers believed that both of Yuan Concubine's two sons were detained and that they should support the step-concubine's son Mang Gurtai to temporarily rule the country. A few ministers advocated the support of the sixth son Huang Taiji. The two factions quarreled endlessly and internal divisions were beginning to appear.  .  At this time, Nurhaci's brother Shuerhaqi also stepped in. He requested to take over the Jurchens in Jianzhou on the grounds that the Ming Dynasty had appointed him as the commander of Jianzhou Right Guards last year.  His request was directly opposed by two factions. Important ministers He Heli, Hu Erhan, Yang Guli and others rushed to support Mang Gurtai. Ministers who supported Huang Taiji once planned to launch a coup, but were stopped by Huang Taiji, who finally decided to lead his troops to leave.  , morale inside Jianzhou was low and people were panicked for a while.  The matter did not end there.  Shuerhaqi's second son Amin took over, and united with the Haixi Jurchen Ula tribe and Yehe tribe (the remaining two of the four Haixi tribes were destroyed), and the barbarian Jurchen Hu'erha tribe, Warka tribe, and Woji tribe to attack Manggu  Ertai launched an attack, He Heli and other important ministers were killed in the battle, and Mang Gurtai fled to the old capital of Hulan Hada.  Soon after, Shuerhaqi launched another attack, and Huerhan died in battle. Mang Gurtai led his remaining troops to request the Ming court to annex him, but at this time Li Chengliang had been replaced by Yuan Keli, who refused to accept him in order to further cause internal strife among the Jurchens.  .  Mang Gurtai was desperate and was captured by Shuerhaqi in the thirty-seventh year of Wanli (1609). He was escorted back to Hetuala and beheaded. Yangguli and others defected to Huang Taiji, who accepted him regardless of their previous suspicions.  According to the agreement, Shuerhaqi returned large areas of territory to the Haixi Jurchen and Savage Jurchen.  In July of the same year, the Ming court formulated an arrogant title system for Nurhaci (previously Nurhachi had claimed to be "the lord of the Jianzhou state, the guardian and the control of the barbarians", and then the "King of Jianzhou and other places", and then to the Khalkha tribes)  He was beheaded in Shuntian along with his second son Daishan and a group of his entourage for eight major crimes including "Kundulun Khan" and "Emperor Shenwu"), massacre of Han people, and unauthorized mining.  But Emperor Wanli was extrajudicial to Chu Ying. He not only pardoned his crime, but also named him the commander of the left guard of Jianzhou (Nurhachi's old position) and the governor of Qianshi, and ordered him to return to Jianzhou to organize his troops for the use of the court.  This was done, on the one hand, because Chu Ying was quite loyal and had advised Nurhachi a lot in the past, and the relationship between father and son was not harmonious because of this; on the other hand, of course, he continued to instigate internal strife in Jianzhou.  In November, Chu Ying arrived at Mao Lianwei with more than ten thousand soldiers, intending to unite with Huang Taiji to attack Shuerhachi. However, Yang Guli and other Nurhachi's old ministers already had a rift with Chu Ying, so they instigated Huang Taiji to refuse and try to negotiate with the Ming court.  Contact us to reap the benefits.  In March of the thirty-eighth year of Wanli (1610), Shuerhaqi surrounded and suppressed Mao Lianwei with heavy troops. Chu Ying resisted but was eventually killed. Only Huang Taiji remained in the Jianzhou resistance force.  In April, the Ming Dynasty appointed Huang Taiji as the commander of the Jianzhou Weidu. On the grounds that Shuerhaqi was good at killing Chu Ying, he ordered Huang Taiji's tribe, Haixi, Barbarian Jurchen, and Inner Khalkha tribes to send troops to encircle and suppress the army.  It is known as "Wanli Liting" in history.  Although Shuerhaqi had several small victories, he lost all his powerful generals due to civil strife. In the end, he was outnumbered. He was defeated first by Sarhu and then by Hetuala. On the way to escape, he was caught up by the coalition forces and beheaded.  The coalition forces burned all the cities under their command, and the area was placed under the jurisdiction of Fushun.  Huang Taiji was awarded the title of Commander of the Left Guard and Commander-in-Chief of the Right in Jianzhou for his meritorious service in assisting the suppression. However, he was required to move his troops to a plain on the north side of the Tieling border wall and collect weapons to facilitate the monitoring of the Ming court.  Many important ministers and tribesmen dispersed because they were unwilling to surrender. There were only a thousand or so of their subordinates left, and they could no longer pose a threat to the Ming Dynasty.  In the following ten years, the Ming Dynasty gradually implemented the prefecture and county system in Liaodong instead of the garrison system, and successively established prefectures and counties such as Liaoyang, Shenyang, Guangning, Tieling, Fushun, Tonghua, Jianzhou, Huanglong, Dunhua, and Fushan.  After capturing the Liaohe River Hetao, the Liaoning Chengxuan Government Envoy Department was established in Liaodong, and the Chief Envoy Office was stationed in Shenyang Prefecture; in Haixi, Yeren Jurchen, and the Inner Khalkha Five Departments, the Kaiyuan Chengxuan Government Envoy Department was established (originating from the Liaoyang Province of the Yuan Dynasty  Kaiyuan Road), the Chief Envoy Si Yamen was stationed in Huanglong Mansion; the Nuergan Dusi was reestablished in the gathering place of Beishan Jurchen, Kuwu, Qilemi and other ethnic groups. During the Taichang period, the Heishui Chengxuan Administrative Office was reestablished (originating from the Tang Dynasty  Heishui Governor's Mansion), the chief envoy Si Yamen is stationed in Yongning Mansion.  The basis of the state and county system is a large population. For this reason, the Ming court appointed Zuo Guangdou to be responsible for farming affairs, encouraged military and civilian farming, introduced southern improved rice to the north, and recruited southern farmers to teach rice planting technology in the north, which greatly promoted the development of agriculture outside the customs.  .  Farmers from Shanxi, Shaanxi, Shandong and other places have successively moved to the Northeast, increasing the population ratio and driving local tribes to change their production methods from traditional fishing and hunting to farming, thus maintaining social stability  Of course, in response to the complex situation in the Northeast, the Ming court did not forcefully promote the "one size fits all" system of prefectures and counties. Instead, it implemented the native official system to replace the guard system for the powerful Jurchen and Mongolian tribes. While satisfying their independence, they gradually reduced their  Military and combat effectiveness.  For example, the more powerful leaders of the Yehe, Woji, and Wujiyete tribes were awarded the prefectures of Fangzhou, Dongning, and Taining respectively, and were placed under the jurisdiction of the Kaiyuan Chengxuan Envoy Department; Huang Taiji was awarded the Jianzhou Xuanwei Envoy.  , under the jurisdiction of Liaoning Chengxuan Political Envoy Department (later killed for attempting to rebel, Jianzhou was merged into Fushun Prefecture).  Other tribes also granted the positions of Tu Tongzhi, Tutongpan, and Tu county magistrate based on their strength. The spheres of influence of these local officials were intertwined with the directly-affiliated prefectures and counties, and they set up forums in between. They were mutually restrained and interdependent, and they were institutionally stable.  the situation in the Northeast.  For the more independent forces such as Chahar, Tumote, and Horqin, the Ming court first killed the chickens to scare the monkeys and launched an attack on the Horqin tribe that had earlier formed an alliance with Nurhaci. The leaders of the remaining pro-Ming forces were awarded Chongyi Gong, Liaoxi Xuande, and so on.  Comfort envoy.  As for the Tumote tribe, their leader (that is, the descendant of Ada Khan) is still canonized as the King of Shunyi, and a horse market is allowed to be established.  In the forty-third year of Wanli (1615), the Chahar tribe, known as the direct descendant of Mongolia, led by its leader Hutuktu Khan (Borjijin Lindan Batur) plundered the Tumote tribe. The Ming court ordered  Unable to retreat, he organized coalition forces to attack the Chahar tribe from both sides.  After years of fierce fighting, his royal city Chahanhot was finally captured in the forty-seventh year of Wanli (1619). Hutuktu Khan originally wanted to flee to Mobei, but was blocked by the Horqin tribe and had no choice but to surrender.  A jade seal passed down from the state (later proved to be a forgery).  The Ming court canonized him as the King of Guiyi and placed him under the King of Shunyi. He abolished Chahanhot and ordered him to move to Guangning. His tribe was organized into two guards and eight divisions and incorporated into the Daning Dusi (later changed to Daning Chengxuanzong).  It was under the jurisdiction of King Guiyi in name, but in fact the Ming court appointed the chief of the pro-Ming tribe as the commander.  In July of the following year, he was assassinated by enemies of the Tumote tribe outside the palace of Guiyi King in Guangning. He was only 28 years old and had no heirs. His title as King of Shunyi was abolished.
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