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Thousands of Miles Against the Current Chapter 159 The Glory of China

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    The new book "Blood Road Redemption" has been uploaded, ISBN: 3472638.  @Friends, please continue to support and encourage me, and wish you all the best and happiness to your family.  xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Time flies like an arrow, and the sun and the moon fly by.  In the long river of history, decades and hundreds of years seem to be just a blink of an eye.  But in the history of China, every major event has been recorded with thick pen and ink, so that future generations can remember the steps towards glory.  In the second year of Zhaowu (1665), Emperor Zhaowu promulgated the "Constitutional Regulations of the Ming Empire", which clearly proposed the concepts of "virtual king" and "the emperor is under the law".  With this as a symbol, the independence of the judiciary was formally established, and the amount of taxes levied must be approved by a majority of the cabinet before it can be implemented For the first time in thousands of years, the supreme imperial power was limited by law.  In October of the same year, Emperor Zhaowu appointed Li Sixing, the prince of the Jin Dynasty, as the general to conquer the barbarians. He led 50,000 land and sea troops and set off from Taiwan to conquer Luzon.  By the end of December, the Ming army had achieved decisive victories at sea and on land, and besieged Manila.  In October, they attacked the city and slaughtered all Spanish adults. The captured women and children were ransomed from the Spanish government.  Subsequently, the Ming court stationed civil servants in Luzon to rule.  In the third year of Zhaowu (1666), Xia Guoxiang, the commander-in-chief of the Kunming Military Region, worshiped General Zhengman and launched a crusade against Myanmar. Tens of thousands of troops were overwhelming, and the Shan people responded and assisted. The allied forces reached the city of Awa, the capital of Myanmar. The Myanmar royal family fled south, and the city of Awa was captured.  Easily captured.  Subsequently, Myanmar ceded territory to pay compensation, and the Ming army stopped, exchanged land with the Shan people, and stationed troops in northwest Myanmar.  Take Myitkyina without fighting.  In September of the same year, the 1st Mixed Brigade of the Northeast Military Region, led by General Yu Qi of Heilongjiang, entered Yaksa from its station in Ningguta (now Aihui), and began a fierce attack after the siege of the city.  Although the Tsarist Russian invaders resisted desperately, they were unable to withstand the fierce artillery fire of the Ming army, resulting in heavy casualties.  Neither truces nor begging for surrender were accepted.  Two days later, the Ming army broke through Yaksa and killed more than 300 Rakshasa people.  Subsequently, the Ming army crossed Heilongjiang and continued to build forts and forts, expanding northward at a rate of hundreds of miles per year.  In the fifth year of Zhaowu (1668), Jin Wang Li Dingguo, the commander-in-chief of the Lanzhou Military Region, sent his troops Gao Dejie and Wang Fuchen to garrison in Guihua City and Jiayu Pass respectively.  At this point, the Ming army had the strength to launch large-scale military operations in the northwest.  In the ninth year of Zhaowu (1671), the comprehensive management of the Yellow and Huaihe Rivers was completed.  The excavation of the middle river channel has also been completed.  Emperor Zhaowu personally went to the mouth of Zhonghe River to preside over this unprecedented happy event.  Subsequently, Zha Rulong entered the cabinet as deputy prime minister, Chen Huang took over as minister of the Ministry of Water Resources, and Zong Shouyi succeeded Zhang Huangyan, who had retired from office at an old age, as prime minister.  In the same year, the Central Bank of the Ming Empire used 10 million taels of silver coins as reserves and issued 20 million yuan in banknotes.  The abolition of the two reforms and the reform of the Yuan Dynasty were implemented on a large scale across the country.  In the tenth year of Zhaowu (1672), the Ming Empire promulgated the Five-Year Compulsory Education Law, the Universal Military Service Law, and the Educational Science and Technology Appropriation Law.  in.  The Compulsory Education Law stipulates that citizens who turn seven years old from this year must receive five years of education, otherwise their families will be severely punished; and the universal military service law stipulates that male citizens of the Ming Dynasty of appropriate age will be divided into three levels of service according to their physical health.  Military service is required for two to six months; and the appropriation rule stipulates that 5% of the annual fiscal revenue will be used as a fixed investment in educational technology, which will only increase but not decrease.  Consider it a permanent example.  In the same year, the Li family after Annan abdicated and declared that it was annexed to the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty court divided the territory into three provinces and appointed officials.  Exercise authority.  In the same year, the powerful Ming Empire began to "return the natives to the natives" on a large scale. After crushing and suppressing the armed resistance of several native officials, this policy was successfully implemented.  In the twelfth year of Zhaowu (1674), Shu King Liu Zhen led 50,000 elite cavalry out of Zhangjiakou and marched northward, defeating the ambitious Chahar tribes twice in Duolun County and Xilin Gol League. Burni was injured by artillery fire and died.  On the way to the west, the Ming army stationed troops there and allied with the Mongolian tribes.  In the fourteenth year of Zhaowu (1676), the Ming Dynasty opened up the land route to India. The first brigade of the Ming Army from the Kunming Military Region invaded the Naranga state in India and forced its lords to surrender.  In the fifteenth year of Zhaowu (1677), Shuizhenla was included, and three more provinces were added to the territory of the Ming Dynasty.  In the 19th year of Zhaowu (1681), Zheng Jing and Chen Yonghua died one after another. The important minister Feng Xifan teamed up with Zheng Jing's younger brother and others to launch a coup and assassinated the supervisor Zheng Kezang, causing civil strife in Taiwan.  The Guangzhou Military Region and Taipei garrison of the Ming Dynasty immediately took action. Liu Guoxuan of Penghu surrendered without a fight, and the Ming army entered Tainan.  At that time, natural floods and droughts had occurred in Taiwan for three consecutive years. The grain harvest was poor, rice prices were soaring, and people were worried.  Zheng Dexiao from Zhongshushe, Huang Liangji from Jianwei Town, Xiao Wu from Navy Town, and Hong Gongzhu from Zhongzhen Town conspired to return to the Ming Dynasty, killed Feng Xifan, dedicated Zheng Keshuang, and Taiwan returned.  In the 20th year of Zhaowu (1684), the Ming Empire implemented village and town-level elections. The government handed over administrative power to elected officials, but the supervision system was strict.  In the 21st year of Zhaowu (1685), the Luzon Navy of the Ming Dynasty landed on the island of New Guinea and opened upThe route from Luzon to New Guinea.  In the 22nd year of Zhaowu (1686), all inland provinces of the Ming Empire implemented the "Regulations on the Legalization of Civilian Firearms."  At the same time, the government has introduced policies to support and encourage private individuals to form mercenary corps to go overseas to fight and develop.  As soon as the government's attitude became clear, wealthy and powerful businesses immediately took active action, with Borneo and India being the popular targets.  In the twenty-fifth year of Zhaowu (1686), after continuous management and expansion, the Ming army finally advanced along the Lena River to Yakutsk.  After three days of siege, the city was destroyed and massacred, and no one of more than 800 Russians was spared.  At this point, the Ming Dynasty destroyed the bases invaded by Tsarist Russia from the east and expanded its power to the Arctic Circle.  In the northeast, the Ming army had the advantage of home ground; while Moscow in Tsarist Russia was thousands of miles away, making it difficult to effectively reinforce it.  In the 29th year of Zhaowu (1690), the total population of the Ming Dynasty exceeded 100 million; in the same year, the Ming Luzon Navy ships sailed to Australia and opened up routes, making it a new place of exile for the Ming Dynasty.  In the 30th year of Zhaowu (1691), the Ming Empire upgraded elections to counties and prefectures, and issued a notice that the imperial examination would be canceled ten years later and replaced by civil servant recruitment.  In the thirty-first year of Zhaowu (1692), Galdan was in full swing and divided the north and south to conquer the Khalkha Mongolia.  He also threatened that the borrowed Russian troops were coming.  The Mongolian tribes in Khalkha suffered unprecedented catastrophes and moved inland. At that time, Tushetu Khan sent his brother Xidishiri to lead nearly ten thousand people to confront the Russian army in Selengesk. The soldiers around him were weak and there were few generals, and they were also defeated in the south.  escape.  In the 32nd year of Zhaowu (1693), Emperor Zhaowu personally went to Dolonnore (now Dolon, Xilingrad League, Inner Mongolia) and convened an alliance of the left and right wings of the Khalkha Mongolia and the princes and nobles of the Forty-nine Banners of Inner Mongolia.  Khalkha and other Mongolian tribes completely surrendered and became a strong force to defend the northern border, blocking and counterattacking Tsarist Russia's aggression along the middle route of the Yenisei River.  In the thirty-third year of Zhaowu (1694), Galdan continued to implement his "Eastward Policy" with the support of Tsarist Russia and marched into Qinghai. The reason was that Heshuote was a part of Oirat Mongolia and should be under his control.  Emperor Zhaowu was furious and worshiped the seventy-three-year-old Jin King Li Dingguo as the General King. He led an army of 100,000 people out of Yangguan westward.  Thirty years of gathering together.  The Ming army was already staggeringly powerful, with hot-air balloon observation posts high in the sky, thousands of large and small artillery pieces, thousands of cavalrymen riding tall horses, and tens of thousands of hussars in bright armor.  It was enough to scare the barbarians.  The tribesmen such as the Chechen Khan of Oqiltu and Chagatai, who were defeated by Galdan and fled to the border of Qinghai and Gansu, all sent troops to help the battle.  In early June, the Ming army arrived at the ancient city (now Qitai).  On the 8th, they entered Fukang and attacked fiercely on the 8th.  The Ming army collapsed the city wall, broke into the city, and wiped out thousands of defenders.  The next morning, the Ming army marched towards Urumqi with cavalry. Galdan's allies Huibu and Zoydayatulela and others abandoned the city and fled.  After that, the coalition forces continued to advance westward.  Lianke Changji, Hutubi, and Kemanas at the end of September.  As winter approached, Jin King Li Dingguo suspended his offensive, stocked up on food and reorganized his army, preparing to march into southern Xinjiang next year.  At the end of the year, it was learned that Galdan received arms support from Tsarist Russia.  Moreover, after the news that Tsarist Russia promised to Galdan that it would send troops to attack from Selengesk, Udinsk, Nerchinsk and other cities according to the situation, Emperor Zhaowu decided to send troops all the way and personally conduct the expedition.  In the spring of the thirty-fourth year of Zhaowu (1695), Emperor Zhaowu led an assembled army of 60,000 people out of Xifengkou and Gubeikou. He summoned 30,000 surrendered allied troops from Mongolia and arrived at Baicha River (Gaoliang River) first.  , Tuli Gengke (Sidaohe), and Keshiketeng Banner area, the troops were directed towards Ulan Butong.  On June 3, a fierce battle broke out between the Ming army and Galdan¡¯s tens of thousands of troops in Ulanbutong (now in Keshiketeng Banner, Inner Mongolia).  The two sides started with artillery and artillery bombardment, and fought fiercely for half a day. Finally, the Ming army's firepower had the upper hand. Direct-fire artillery and curve-fire artillery were overwhelming, blasting away the "camel city" laid out by Galdan.  The coalition forces then launched a fierce attack, and the battle continued until dusk. The Jungar army was defeated. Galdan led a thousand cavalry to flee north and returned to Khovd (today's Gilgruntu, Mongolia).  On June 13, Emperor Zhaowu learned that Galdan was still ambitious and threatened to gather troops in Kobdo for the winter. Next year, he would borrow 60,000 Russian musketeers. After another large-scale internal invasion, he once again mobilized his troops and generals, preparing to destroy them once and for all.  Eat this morning.  On the seventh day, General Heilongjiang was ordered to unite more than 10,000 cavalry and mixed brigades, as well as the Horqin troops who had surrendered. They left the Xing'an Mountains and marched westward along the Kulun River to block Galdan's eastward approach. On the west route, King Li Dingguo of the Jin Dynasty divided his troops into one unit.  , headed north from Ningxia (today's Yinchuan) to cut off the enemy's return route; Emperor Zhaowu's pro-government army advanced towards Khovd, and the three armies made an appointment to attack together, preparing to annihilate Galdan in one fell swoop and defeat Tsarist Russian troops who might come for reinforcements.  On August 16, Emperor Zhaowu led the Middle Route Army and Chang Guogong Gao Wengui led the West Route Army to join forces in Tula (southwest of present-day Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) to attack Galdan.  Galdan relied on the natural barrier of the desert, and the Ming army had nothing to do with him. He never expected that the Ming army would really trek across the desert to attack, nor did he expect that Emperor Zhaowu would lead his army to conquer it himself. He did not do anything ideologically or materially.  He was well prepared, but he hurriedly faced the enemy and fled in defeat.  Thousands of lightThe army's fine cavalry kept chasing and killing them, but Galdan only escaped with a few cavalry, and his wife Anu was also captured.  Just before July 18th, King Li Dingguo of the Jin Dynasty personally led the main force to attack Dabancheng from Urumqi; Gao Dejie and Wang Fuchen divided their troops from Hami and Barkol, joined forces in Yanchi and jointly attacked Turpan.  After successive fierce battles, by the seventh day of August, Dabancheng, Toksun, and Turpan were all captured.  At this point, the Ming army opened the door to southern Xinjiang and became militarily overwhelming.  After the victory in Kobudo, Emperor Zhaowu took central control in Kobudo, while the remaining armies continued to advance northward under the leadership of the prince Zhu Chongye and Chang Guogong, passing through Ulaanbaatar and arriving at Selengesk (now Ulan-Ude region of Russia).  ) launched a series of fierce battles with the Cossack Don River Army, the vanguard of Tsarist Russia's invasion and expansion.  The Cossacks have no country, no political beliefs, and are not even an independent nation.  They are both brave warriors and cold-blooded butchers.  But in this battle, the Ming army, known for its firepower, also had brave cavalry, and the Mongolian tribes and the Cossacks were mortal enemies.  The coalition forces fought bravely.  Relying on the superiority of firepower and numbers, and at great cost, the Don Cossack army, which Tsarist Russia used to invade and defend the border, was finally defeated and almost completely wiped out.  What followed was a bloody massacre of Cossack civilians by the Mongolian tribes. The Ming army neither stopped nor participated. They had achieved their goal.  Use iron and fire to prove your bravery and combat prowess.  If the Mongolian tribes want to continue to resist the aggression of Tsarist Russia and its accomplices, they can only rely on the Ming army and the Ming court.  The unyielding Mongolian coalition forces continued to pursue and kill them, and entered the Russian territory.  In August, Jin King Li Dingguo continued to advance his troops in southern Xinjiang, including Karashaer, Kuqa, Aksu, Wush and other cities. Kashgar was guarding the city anyway. By the end of October, all cities in southern Xinjiang were recovered.  The Ming army began to deploy and march into Ili.  Under the strong military pressure of the Ming army, the Zhungar tribe split. Galdan's nephew Cewang Arabtan and more than 5,000 people from his tribe fled to the winter camp of Bortala and asked the Ming army for peace.  soldiers.  After the war in Zhaomoduo, Galdan was in a very difficult situation, which was called "extremely poor". "There was no food and tents, and there was no way out in all directions. He was in a miserable state, digging grass roots for food."  But he is stubborn.  Unwilling to give in, he finally committed suicide by taking medicine.  The last generation of prairie wolf king finally lost to Zhu Yongxing, the emperor of the ages.  In the thirty-fifth year of Zhaowu (1696), Tsarist Russia sent envoys to Kobdo to protest against the Ming army's invasion of its territory and demanded that the Ming army withdraw.  Emperor Zhaowu faced the reality of Tsarist Russia's repeated invasions.  He also supported the rebellion of the cowardly Zungar tribe, severely condemned his envoys, and clamored to completely defeat Tsarist Russia with war. Even if this war lasts for a hundred years, he will never give up.  The same year.  General Heilongjiang led the Han-Mongolian coalition and another Cossack army to engage in another fierce battle in Ali Buryat on the seventh day.  In the age of cold weapons, the Cossack cavalry was frightening with its fast speed, strong maneuverability, high lethality, bravery and skill in taking turns to attack.  However, they have poor discipline and are unwilling to dismount to fight. What's more, they have to face a powerful army with fierce weapons and modern characteristics.  Failure was inevitable. After this battle, Tsarist Russia's aggression in the middle came to an abrupt end.  In the autumn of the thirty-fifth year of Zhaowu (1696), Emperor Zhaowu returned to the dynasty. What he left behind in the Mongolian prairie were 20,000 troops scattered and stationed in the Mongolian prairie, as well as assistance agreements with various Mongolian tribes such as building roads, post stations, and shopping malls.  .  In the same year, Jin King Li Dingguo led an army to regain Ili and completed the feat of unifying the northwest.  Cewang Alabutan became the new master of the Jungar tribe. Forced by the strength of the Ming army, he changed his tune, accumulated strength, and prepared to develop westward and northward and attack Kazakhstan.  In the same year, Emperor Zhaowu used Diba Sangjiejia's secret of not mourning the fifth emperor's death and his collusion with Galdan to investigate the crime. He mobilized 20,000 troops from Yunnan, Sichuan, Chu, and Zhejiang Ming Dynasties to fight arrows.  Lu (now Kangding) marched into Lhasa and sent Chen Zhong, the Minister of Rites, to Tibet to assist the Tibetan Khan in handling government affairs.  At the same time, the fifth Panchen Lama Lobsang Yeshi was named "Panchen Erdeni".  Since then, it has become a system for all Panchen Lamas to be canonized by the central government.  In the thirty-ninth year of Zhaowu (1700), provincial assemblies were established one after another, and members of Congress were elected again to form Congress. The first Congress was held in Beijing in the autumn of that year.  In the 40th year of Zhaowu, the Ming Empire united with Britain and France to send troops to attack the Dutch occupation areas in Asia. The primary target was Malacca.  The Anglo-Dutch naval war for hegemony lasted for more than 20 years. Although the Netherlands did not completely lose to the British militarily, on the whole, the Dutch maritime strength was greatly weakened.  The Netherlands' economic, trade, and maritime strength declined greatly, and the peak of the Golden Age came to an abrupt end in the Year of Disaster in 1672.  Starting from 1687, France resumed a series of struggles (including land threats, tariff wars and maritime plunder), which exhausted the patriotism of the Dutch.  As a result, the Netherlands was forced to give up its only remaining maritime military status and became a second-rate European country, while Britain began to become a maritime hegemon (some historians regard the Glorious Revolution of 1688 as the handover of Dutch hegemony.A turning point for Britain).  But in Asia, the Ming Empire is the well-deserved overlord. Not only is its army invincible, but its navy has also begun to use thousand-ton battleships as its capital ships.  In Asia, Britain and France also have to keep a low profile to cater to them in order to gain a foothold in Asia.  What's more important is the advantage of the Ming Empire's home field, that is, the population advantage, which can be occupied and firmly held.  Faced with the aggressive three-nation coalition, the Dutch gave up Malacca after a little resistance. China, Britain and France thus took control of the Malacca Strait and signed an agreement to form a joint fleet to combat piracy and maintain navigation safety in the Malacca Strait.  Of course, the three countries are also equally divided on tolls, each benefiting from it.  In the forty-first year of Zhaowu (1702), the Third National Congress was held in Beijing. Under the promotion of Emperor Zhaowu, the Congress passed the "New Constitution of the Ming Empire" self-drafted by Emperor Zhaowu.  According to the constitution, the emperor was still the head of state of the Ming Empire, but his powers were extremely limited.  Moreover, the Great Council could impeach the emperor with the support of a three-quarters majority.  After forty years of indoctrination and guidance, the translation and distribution of a large number of foreign science and technology, culture, and history books, and targeted education in new schools, the ideological concepts of the two generations have been constantly changing and updated, and they have a very deep understanding of the meaning of Xujun.  Even so, most people in China expressed their preference to live under the rule of the emperor, Emperor Zhaowu.  "The best time to reform a political system is when the country is politically stable. Why wait until the revolution comes before thinking of reform?" In response, Emperor Zhaowu Zhu Yongxing published an affectionate speech in the newspaper, "Fate has pushed me to this  Position. I have been working hard to protect you like your father, care about you like your brother, and serve you like your son. This is what a commendable emperor should do. So far, I have done it.  It's not satisfactory. But in the future, people may make mistakes. Instead of believing that I will not become an old fool, it is better to believe that the political system I established is the last and best thing I leave to you.  A gift, I hope you will maintain it forever, make it grow and improve, and bring you long-lasting happiness" In the forty-fourth year of Zhaowu (1705), Emperor Zhaowu announced his abdication. After the cabinet and the Great Council voted, in accordance with the "  According to the "Throne Succession Law", the prince Zhu Chongye, who was ranked first in the line of succession, ascended to the throne and was named Yongjin.  At that time, Emperor Zhaowu was seventy years old.  ¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­(To be continued, please search Piaotian Literature, the novels will be better and updated faster!
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