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Text Section 218 The President and the Prime Minister

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    The biggest concession Zhao Zeyong made was to allow the Nanjing government to implement a prime ministerial system and he became president under the prime ministerial system.  It sounds hard to pronounce, but in fact it means that I gave up my greatest power in exchange for the position of the president, the nominal leader.  The so-called presidential system and the prime ministerial system are two different representative political models. The typical presidential system is that of the United States and France. The president is the highest authority in a country. The president has real power, and the secretary of state is appointed by the president.  As for the prime ministerial system, it is typical of the later German system. The prime minister is the supreme leader and the president is just a symbol of the country, a bit like the British royal family or the governor general of Canada.  To distinguish the origins of these two systems, we have to talk about the development of democracy in the UK.  At that time, the British were a constitutional monarchy, but this system was still being explored. No one knew what powers the king should and should not have.  In the constitution, the king still has great power, such as the power to declare war. It is impossible to declare war on foreign countries without the king's approval. For example, in terms of legislative power, a law is invalid without the king's approval.  However, there have been several generations of kings in the UK. Some have low IQs, some are autistic and never leave the court, some do not understand English at all because they have been living in Germany, and some are militants who have been fighting in Europe and never come back to the UK.  During these generations of kings, the king did not care about things at all, and everything was decided by the prime minister. This was the case for several kings for nearly a century. As a result, a tradition was developed, in which the prime minister handled affairs and the king only signed.  Moreover, I only have the power to sign and agree, and no longer have the power to deny or express opinions.  The king became a symbol through and through.  The so-called prime ministerial system is designed based on the British constitutional system. The country where it is located first elects a president, who plays the role of the British king, that is, he only signs and does nothing. Under normal circumstances, it can be enough for the term, no matter it is  Whether the country has problems or not, he doesn't care or worry.  It has nothing to do with him, he is just a signing machine.  Of course, the presence of such a president is very low. Later generations will know that the German Chancellor is the strong woman Merkel. Who knows who the German Chancellor is? At least Zhao Zeyong has searched his head and found no such impression.  Now Zhao Zeyong will also take on this role.  The prime minister of the Nanjing government is Sun Ke.  Son of Sun Yat-sen.  "Don't underestimate Sun Ke. Although he is not young, he is also a veteran of the Kuomintang.  As early as when Sun Yat-sen established the Tongmenghui in Honolulu, Sun Ke, who was still in school, was a member of the Tongmenghui, and his seniority was incredible.  After the success of the Revolution of 1911, Sun Ke finally walked out of school and worked as a secretary for his father, huh.  One of many secretaries.  ¡°Some people in later generations sarcastically said, look at how comfortable people are. If they go to school, they have accumulated enough qualifications that they can become a revolutionary before they are ten years old.  In fact, the people who say this are simply ignorant.  Or maybe they always look at things with ill intentions.  Sun Yat-sen had many shortcomings, including the dirty side of human nature.  For example, in order to take the daughter of the Song family, he abandoned his married wife.  For example, for the sake of power, he makes his subordinates swear allegiance to him and establishes a personality cult to establish personal power.  But when it came to matters like his son joining the Tongmenghui, what Sun Yat-sen did was actually very popular.  You must know that at that time, the prospects of the revolution were slim, and those who rebelled would be beheaded and the nine tribes would be killed. In history, many people who rebelled did not know their real names. For example, King Li Chuang and other eight kings of the late Ming Dynasty used  They are all nicknames, just because they are worried about hurting their family and relatives.  Sun Yat-sen let his youngest son join the Tongmenghui at that time, which was actually to calm the hearts of the revolutionaries and to show his determination to revolution to the end.  It inspired many people at the time.  This is not to let his son become a second-generation official so that he can accumulate qualifications early.  Now that Sun Yat-sen is dead, the reason why many others had a good impression of Sun Ke was precisely because of what happened back then.  So after the election of the president this time, the prime minister was elected. There were originally several candidates for the prime minister, and political bigwigs such as Hu Hanmin and Wang Jingwei were among them. Unfortunately, in the end, because they were all evenly matched, it was this person who had no competition with the world.  , Sun Ke, who relied on his father's influence, was selected.  Everyone hopes that Sun Yat-sen's descendants can continue to ensure their prosperity.  According to the procedure, Zhao Zeyong needs to go to Nanjing to take office as president, and then he has to sign and appoint Sun Ke as prime minister. In fact, it is just to confirm the results of the election, and Zhao Zeyong has no right to veto. This is a ridiculous Western tradition.  Some people ridiculed that if the court sentenced the king to death, the king could only sign the verdict confirming his death sentence, because he had no right to deny it at all.  Of course, this is out of a sense of consciousness and respect for tradition. The British king has never denied anything, nor has he attempted to use his signature power to carry out some kind of conspiracy, or tried to turn this symbolic power into real power.  The same situation applies to the president of the United States. Before World War II, all U.S. presidents stopped serving after serving two terms.The election, all the way up to Roosevelt, was because the founder of the country, Washington, served two terms, so all subsequent presidents did the same, and it became a tradition.  After World War II, Americans discovered that traditions could be broken, so in order to prevent the emergence of a lifelong president, they enacted new laws that stipulated that the president could serve a maximum of two terms.  The American approach is slowly being learned around the world. Basically, every country has a two-term term.  Westerners¡¯ respect for tradition and the system of alternation of power is worthy of admiration.  If the same thing were to happen in China, it would lead to many conflicts, and no one would be willing to accept that their power would be eclipsed.  When Sun Yat-sen was the interim president, he expressed his intention to establish a presidential system. Later, when he gave way to Yuan Shikai, he demanded a prime ministerial system and excluded Yuan Shikai, which gave rise to many contradictions.  However, those presidents in South America are unwilling to give up power after serving two terms. At this time, they will choose to change the constitution so that the president can be re-elected indefinitely.  Even in Russia, after Putin stepped down, he only became prime minister. After serving as prime minister for one term, he continued to be president.  Of course, Putin is better than those politicians in South America. Although he plays with the alternation of power system and makes this system seem very undignified, it is better than changing the constitution.  Now the politicians in the Nanjing government are playing politics again.  They hope to deal with Zhao Zeyong like they dealt with Yuan Shikai.  Although Zhao Zeyong was given a false name, the real power was still in the hands of Sun Ke, the second generation who posed no threat to them.  But it all depends on people.  The reason why Zhao Zeyong is willing to accept being the president in name only has his own countermeasures. Of course, Zhao Zeyong does not want to be an empty symbolic figure, and of course he does not want to break the rules for the time being.  But the people who play the power game are different, and the results are also different.  Those who are interested can take a look at the situation in the later dynasties. Every time there is a meeting, the Chairman of the National People's Congress will follow the General Secretary, and sometimes the Prime Minister will follow.  The Chinese are particular about the location of meetings, which means that power varies from person to person to some extent.  In Russia, for example, when Putin was president, Putin had the final say in everything. When he was prime minister, who dares to say that he would listen to the president when he and President Xiaomei disagreed.  Look who will compromise.  Zhao Zeyong does not intend to destroy the system, but he also does not want to be a symbol, otherwise he would not have to fight for this position.  To put it bluntly, Zhao Zeyong hopes to be the Putin of the Republic of China. In name, he is just a symbol, and it is Sun Ke, the Adou, who holds the power.  But power depends on how you use it.  When Zhao Zeyong arrived in Nanjing to take office, it was already the end of October, and another year passed. Time flies so fast.  A very tense thing happened when entering Nanjing, that is, Zhao Zeyong asked the Nanjing garrison to switch defenses with the guard force he brought.  He did not dare to live in a city controlled by Jiang Jieshi's troops.  Nanjing's troops were determined not to withdraw, so Zhao Zeyong did not hesitate to mobilize his Yangtze River Navy.  Well, it was the general defense force established and repaired from the salvaged dozens of British sunken ships. It was headquartered in Wuhan. It mobilized the navy to transport a division of Anqing's Mengzi Division to Nanjing. They used force to force the Nanjing troops to withdraw from the city and mobilized  Go to Wuxi to garrison.  After entering the city, he announced his inauguration at the National Assembly and declared respect for a series of laws enacted during the Sun Yat-sen era such as the Provisional Law. At this time, there was no perfect constitution. Zhao Zeyong planned to speed up the formulation after he came to power, so he did not need to be loyal to the constitution yet.  However, we must declare our allegiance to the Three People's Principles and unswervingly support some of Sun Yat-sen's policies during his lifetime, including the three major policies of alliance with Russia and the Communist Party to support agriculture and industry. From this point of view, at this time in Congress, because of Chiang Kai-shek's resignation, he insisted on  A right wing that is pure in the Kuomintang will lose power, while a left wing that adheres to the three major policies will have an advantage.  The first thing he did after taking office was to sign Sun Ke¡¯s appointment letter as prime minister. Zhao Zeyong did not hesitate.  The real political game has just begun. The little fat man he appointed has no idea whether he will play or not.  After becoming president, Zhao Zeyong has no intention of keeping a low profile and being a shadow emperor.  Instead, he goes out every now and then to inspect the construction situation. Zhao Zeyong is often seen on the dock, on the waterway, in the factory, and in the fields. And he is also the central figure in the newspaper. You can see him in the newspaper almost every day.  photos, while Sun Ke was ignored.  This is the effect Zhao Zeyong wants. What is power? Only when everyone thinks you have power, then you have power, and others will listen to what you say, even if the law stipulates that you have no power.  Now that Jiang Jieshi has left the field, but whoever wants to mobilize his Huangpu faction to try, then you will know whose hands the real military power is.  Therefore, power is a very subtle thing. It is elusive. Even those who hold power do not know when they will lose power. They may suddenly wake up and find that no one listens to their words anymore.  And power often??Tend to find capable people.  For example, in a unit, when the power ownership of several leaders is unclear, everyone will often listen to the opinions of the most capable person, while other leaders do not even want to take care of things themselves. Gradually, everyone will find that the real power will change.  , it has become inconsistent with the prescribed situation.  This is the current situation. Although Zhao Zeyong doesn't care about anything now, Sun Ke is handling everything.  For example, forming a new government, formulating a series of laws, raising government funds, selling government bonds, etc.  However, Sun Ke did almost everything well. The formation of a new government was strongly interfered and hindered by the forces of Chiang Kai-shek's faction. Legal documents such as drafting were basically unable to be implemented. As for selling bonds to raise funds, basically no one bought them.  What he did was exhausting, and gradually people became more and more disappointed with him. Everyone felt that this person was unreliable.  In December, two months after Zhao Zeyong was elected president, Sun Ke fully revealed his aggressive nature. Everyone, including government officials who wanted to make a difference, patriotic people, etc., all expressed their disapproval of Sun Ke to varying degrees.  When he felt disappointed, Zhao Zeyong felt that he should take action.  He decided to publicly express his attitude towards some of the most sensitive issues for the people.  Zhao Zeyong¡¯s Secretary¡¯s Office held a press conference and invited people from all walks of life and newspaper reporters from all over the country.  When reporters saw the content list of the press conference, everyone went crazy. It was all hot topics.  As a result, before the press conference even started, everyone posted these contents as extras, as if this list of contents was a great revelation.  As a result, the press conference was already extremely popular even before it started, making everyone full of interest in the press conference.  This is a bit like the hype of later generations. The news media has started to hype a certain meeting before it starts. When the meeting starts, there will naturally be a lot of people paying attention.  "Excuse me, President Zhao Zeyong will discuss the issue of freedom of speech with colleagues in the press tomorrow." "Exception, the Presidential Palace is about to hold a press conference to accept social discussions on people's livelihood issues." "Exception, President Zhao Zeyong of the Nanjing Government will accept reporters  Asked about the abolition of warlords. " "Excuse me, the Presidential Office of the Nanjing government will make an explanation on the concession issue." "Excuse me, President Zhao of Nanjing will express his position on the issue of taking back the customs.  "Excuse me, President Zhao will answer questions from reporters on the issue of foreigners' privileges." "Exception, President Zhao will accept reporters' interviews on the issue of Japan's Shandong garrison." "Chinese people are keen on national-level issues.  The level is unprecedented. Although it is difficult for people to take to the streets to march or even cast a vote. They are afraid of being implicated and do not want to cause any trouble. However, they are very enthusiastic about the country and even the international situation.  Zhao Zeyong once couldn't understand that several of his old masters, even though they couldn't read a few Chinese characters, stayed in front of the news broadcast every day, discussing the international situation and intensely discussing when China would go to war with the United States.  ¡°The issues that the media is currently hyping up are precisely those sensitive international diplomatic issues, and they are also the issues that the Chinese people are most concerned about.  For example, before the Northern Expedition, the government had always mentioned some policies to defeat imperialism, abolish imperialist privileges in China, and take back national sovereignty.  In particular, the issue of the Japanese army in Shandong is a hot topic among hot topics.  The reason why these issues have become hot topics is also related to the inaction of the Sun Ke government.  The people fervently hope that the country will be strong, but Sun Ke's government is as weak as Chiang Kai-shek's government in dealing with foreigners.  What's even more annoying is that before Sun Ke and the others came to power, they actively forced Jiang Xiashi on these issues. Now that Jiang Xiashi has stepped down, they have no way to deal with these issues. The foreigners just won't compromise or give in.  , they could not take it back through negotiation, but they did not have the courage and courage to solve it by force. Now it was Jiang Jieshi's faction to put pressure on Sun Ke and the others, launching anti-government remarks in newspapers on these issues all day long.  Moreover, dissatisfied people have begun to take to the streets, and Sun Ke's Prime Minister's Office was besieged three times.  I heard that Jiang Xiashi is already actively preparing to come out again. Of course, this time he will be the prime minister, and the president will still be Zhao Zeyong.  But Zhao Zeyong will not give him a chance. Those who were beaten to the ground by Zhao Zeyong have not yet had the discipline to get up again. Tang Jiyao died of old age in a foreign land, and Lu Rongting died of old age in a foreign land. These are obvious examples.  In Zhao Zeyong's view, the enemy he beat has lost the capital to be his enemy again. Now the opponent in Zhao Zeyong's eyes is the inexperienced Sun Ke, and this press conference is the best way to deal with Sun Ke.  battlefield, and the issue of Japan's garrison in Shandong is the sharpest weapon against him.  Because this is what the people are most concerned about, and the Sun Ke government did the worst, is their biggest public complaint.  (To be continued. If you like this work, you are welcome to come to Qidian to vote for recommendations and monthly votes. Your support is my biggest motivation. Mobile phone users, please read it.)
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