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Related Works The Development History of Internet Literature

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    Domestic online bookstores appeared roughly after 1997. The free space provided by NetEase and other companies provided a material foundation for the development of early book sites.  In that era when everyone was running the Internet, many netizens who liked reading opened their own personal websites.  In March 1998, "Literature City" was launched. The site currently has more than 1 million page views per month and 10,000 email subscribers.  In May 1998, "Golden Bookstore" was launched online. With its detailed classification and multi-faceted information, the site now has about 30,000 visitors per day, and the number of email subscriptions is close to 10,000.  On July 10, 1998, "Book Road" was officially founded and has now developed into a large-scale literary website with over 10,000 daily visits to the home page.  After the mailing list was opened in January 1999, in just three months, the number of subscribers reached 5,000.  In the early days, online book sites mainly focused on reprinting, and the copyright awareness was weak.  Some websites enrich their website content by scanning physical books such as martial arts and romance books onto the Internet, while more websites directly reprint them from other websites.  In this case, the content of each site is similar.  During this period, serialized works such as "Double Dragon of the Tang Dynasty" and "Star Wars Heroes" became the trump cards for various book sites to attract readers.  Many new readers came into contact with the Internet to catch up on Huang Yi's "The Legend of Two Dragons of the Tang Dynasty". "Because it is a serial and only one volume is published in Hong Kong a month, the Internet is naturally the best way to get a sneak peek."  Whichever site uploads quickly, which site scans with high quality, which book site can attract more readers.  Among the early book sites, Crouching Tiger Jude had the best reputation for proofreading, and its collection of works was exquisitely proofread, making it the first choice among netizens for a while.  While reading the school's physical books, Crouching Tiger House also serialized original works such as Fengzi and Water Dragon Yin on the website.  It can be said that in terms of the quality of the works alone, Crouching Tiger Residence should be the best online book site of that era.  However, due to the small overall number of collected works, the traffic of the website has never been comparable to those of comprehensive bookstores.  Instead, Golden Bookstore, which uses the scanned version of Crouching Tiger Jude, relied on its massive works and detailed classification to become one of the top ten most influential personal sites in mainland China, and won the runner-up in the 98 Personal Homepage Competition.  At that time, the Internet was still dominated by portals. Readers discovered that new literary websites were mostly accessed through portals such as Yahoo, or through friendly links between sites.  Friendly links are almost the only way for many websites to develop new members, and it is difficult for new websites to enter.  In this environment, Golden Bookstore took advantage of its first-mover advantage to firmly occupy the position of the leader of online book sites.  It is known as "If you don't know the golden bookstore when reading online, it is useless to call it a netizen".  With the development of the website, Golden Bookstore noticed the problem that "the proportion of original works on the Internet is not enough, and the emphasis on book reviews is not enough", so it launched the "Original by Internet People" column and began to cultivate original works on the Internet.  It can be said that judging from the monopoly position of Golden Bookstore at that time, as long as it did not make too many mistakes in its development, it would be difficult for other online book sites to threaten it.  However, the intervention of capital changed the trajectory of fate.  In December 1999, Duolaimi Chinese website acquired 16 of the top 20 personal websites in NetEase's personal website rankings for 4 million yuan.  Including famous domestic websites such as Golden Bookstore, China Football Network, Haikuoshi Download, Xiaolin Guangji and so on.  After Golden Bookstore was acquired, due to copyright considerations, they did not dare to be too liberal in plagiarism and copying. Many readable works could not be included in it, but there were not many original works, resulting in a gradual loss of readership, so they voluntarily gave up  The dominant position of online book sites.  Almost at the same time that Golden Bookstore was acquired, Boku was established in Silicon Valley, USA, and conducted large-scale recruitment in Beijing.  From a well-known domestic book and newspaper alone, the newly born Boku poached more than a dozen editors and reporters, many of whom were key staff of the newspaper. This incident caused quite a shock to the entire publishing industry at the time.  Because it has the support of American industrial capital rather than venture capital, and senior book industry professionals, Boku's future was once optimistic about the industry.  At the beginning of its business, Boku's series of promotion activities were also dazzling: first, it carried out overwhelming advertising in major media, and then cooperated with China Youth Publishing House, Peking University and other units to launch "Zou Ma Huang He", "Dunhuang Tour"  " and other activities to build momentum. Later, in addition to acquiring a large number of electronic copyrights of works, in the name of cultivating China's "Stephen King", he signed contracts with a large number of writers such as Wang Shuo and Chen Cun to cooperate.  It can be said that Boku has indeed put a lot of thought into expanding its popularity and website views.  However, the spirit of paid downloading and paid reading advocated by Boku seems out of place in this era of Internet hegemony where free has become the general rule.  Piracy is rampant, and the advantages of its most important upstream resource¡ªthousands of e-books signed with almost all well-known Chinese writers, authors, and scholars¡ªhave not been fully utilized at all.  In addition, the network conditions at that time were not adequate. There were few people online, the network speed was slow and expensive, and there were no convenient payment conditions.  After the first investment, investors refused to make additional investments on the grounds that the profit model was unrealistic.  By the end of 2001, the collapse of Boku announced the failure of China's first ebook charging attempt.  With the bursting of the Internet bubble, the golden age of online book sites also came to an end.  A large number of early online book sites collapsed, and the surviving sites??Have to start thinking of ways to make profits.  Text Silver Age 2001~2003 (updated time: 2005-4-811:04:00 word count in this chapter: 3383) After the Internet bubble burst in 2000, most free spaces disappeared, earlier personal websites were closed one after another, and Xilu¡¯s bbs passed  The relatively low price has become the new center of online fantasy literature, and many famous book sites started here.  In January 2001, four literary forums, including Self-Entertainment, Yiyiyixing and Hongchenge, announced their withdrawal from Xilu and established the Long's Sky Original Alliance website, marking the arrival of the Silver Age.  Since most of the early online book sites have closed down, and Huanjian Book Alliance is still scrambling for website space, Long Sky relies on its stable space and the popularity accumulated in Xilu BBS to quickly fill the space left by Golden Bookstore.  Become the well-deserved boss of Fantasy Book Station.  After Long Kong left, BBS such as Bai Zhan and Tian Ying gradually rose up in the Western Continent.  But in terms of popularity, it is far from comparable to Long Kong.  Longkong was at its peak in that era. At that time, no website had Longkong's resources. At that time, there was no author who didn't know about Longkong. At that time, there was no reader who didn't go to Longkong. His development level and monopoly have been maintained until now.  , no book site can reach it.  By the middle of 2001, with the increase in traffic, Longkong's server resources became insufficient, and the access speed became slower and slower. It began to reach an intolerable level, which also caused its popularity to slowly decline, and its leading brother status  are increasingly challenged.  In order to get rid of the predicament, Long Kong began to look for a new publishing direction.  At that time, there were two development directions. One was to invest money to purchase new servers and expand the Longkong website, so as to maintain the monopoly advantage on the Internet, but the money was unclear; the other was to abandon the development of the website and take the physical book publishing route.  In the end, Longkong chose a wrong judgment that it now regrets, gave up its development on the Internet, and entered the publishing market with all its strength.  After establishing Beijing Fantasy Culture Company, he signed away the best original works on the Internet at that time, bought out a large number of works on the website, gave up online updates, and started publishing operations.  This move by Longkong directly led to the depression of the Internet at that time, and indirectly caused the rise of emerging websites such as Crawling and Cuiweiju.  It was from that time that Long Kong gradually changed from the leader of the online book site to a bystander.  In the next three years, Long Kong has been relying on the works he bought out in 2001 and 2002 to rest on his laurels and slowly publish.  No longer participate in the competition for online book site territory.  Among the VIP enclosure movement that swept the entire fantasy literature world in 2004, it is the only established website that does not have a VIP website.  The third-generation leader of online book sites, the Huanjian Book Alliance, was established in October 2000 by personal bookstores such as Shuqing Xiaozhu, Stone Bookstore, Xiaoshuting, and Ningfeng Tianxia.  Its interface is mainly based on the small book kiosk created in July 2000.  For a long time after its establishment, the Fantasy Sword Book Alliance has been searching for a stable space.  From Global Internet to myrice, to Wenzhou China Unicom.  It was not until January 2002 that the space of the Fantasy Sword Book Alliance gradually stabilized.  With the stability of the Huanjian Book Alliance space, authors and readers who had been lost due to Longkong's Internet speed issues have flocked to Huanjian, gradually establishing Huanjian's status as the leader of the alliance.  Following Long Kong's footsteps, more and more literary BBS came out of the West Continent and established their own websites.  Among the more famous ones are Tianying, Cuiwei and so on.  In November 2001, authors who were interested in fantasy writing founded the Fantasy Literature Association in Xilu.  In May 2002, preparations were made to establish a personal website with a literary nature, and it was renamed the Original Literature Association -, for short.  On May 15, 2002, the day of its establishment, Jiangnan Samurai broke into the Qidian chat group to celebrate the establishment and criticized the library system of Qidian at the time, leaving everyone in Qidian speechless.  In the end, he won this fateful battle, usurped the power of Qidian website construction, hid the sword in Jiangnan, and called himself "Hidden Sword Jiangnan" from then on.  The gears of fate began to turn.  .  .  .  .  .  Later historians lamented this: "A chance encounterthe meeting of several peoplechanged the fate of the literary website."  Silver Age websites had to constantly find ways to make money in order to pay for increasingly expensive space.  In the face of the slump in online advertising, they unanimously set their sights on physical publishing.  While publishing traditional Chinese books as an agent, we are actively looking for ways to publish in simplified Chinese.  Most book sites such as Cuiwei, Tianying, Huanjian, and Longkong have tried to publish in simplified Chinese, but most of them ended in failure.  Only Dragon's Sky successfully published three novels including "Lost Continent" in August 2002.  However, those book lovers who claimed "If you publish a book, I will definitely buy it" during the serialization process disappeared without a trace, and there were only a few orders.  Analysts who scoffed at the sales numbers of fantasy novels in Taiwan were stunned.  As a result, subsequent simplified Chinese publishing has been in a state of limbo.  Efforts to monetize the site through publishing largely fell through.  At a time when the profit path of literary websites is getting narrower and narrower, ReadWrite.com has begun an attempt to charge for online reading, which has pointed out a new idea for the website.  History has turned another page.  .  .  .  .  .  ReadWrite.com was the first fantasy book site to charge for online reading (there was no such thing as VIP at the time), and it started charging as soon as the site was established.  The ReadWrite network was put into trial operation in February 2002 and officially launched in September.mode operation.  At the same time as the website was being built, a statement was issued that "in order to promote the development of original literature, this website plans to pay authors remuneration for online publication, and original works are welcome to join."  Since ReadWrite.com had a good time to build its website, it was the time when the SMS Alliance was most popular, and it earned a lot of income through SMS charging.  At that time, because the website builders were too eager for quick success and short-sighted, the scale never developed.  The mistakes of ReadWrite.com mainly include the following aspects: 1) The fees are collected too quickly, there is no accumulation of public works at all, and the foundation is too poor.  2) There are too many problems with mobile phone charges. Although Reading and Writing has made a lot of money through text messages, the arbitrary charges for text messages have a huge impact on readers.  3) The most important point is that ReadWrite.com exploits authors too much.  "The works are published in the library of ReadWrite.com, and ReadWrite.com will pay the authors monthly remuneration based on the number of official members of ReadWrite who visit their works (no duplication, referred to as member readings). The details are as follows: Payment: RMB 0.06/person  "This article is very clear. Every month, a member reads your book, no matter how many times he reads it, it costs 6 cents per person.  Being so cheap is probably beyond the imagination of current VIP authors.  Although low remuneration brings huge profits to the website, it also has a fatal blow to the author's enthusiasm.  Therefore, ReadWrite.com has been unable to attract mainstream writers from other websites to join.  Although there were once promotion activities such as logging in to receive reading and writing coins, the number of members never increased.  As one of the earliest paid book sites developed, it has been basically forgotten now.  By the end of 2002, a group of Internet writers such as Zhonghua Yang and Su Mingpu left Jiesue and established the "Ming Yang Global Chinese Books Network".  The concept of VIP was first proposed.  Through popular works such as China's Resurgence, it has attracted a large number of members.  VIP has been plagued by piracy since its birth.  First, a hacker stole the latest chapter from Ming Yang, and then published it on Yixia.  Ming Yang went to Yixia to negotiate but failed, leading to a full-scale conflict between Ming Yang and Yixia.  During this period, plots that only appear in novels such as Infernal Affairs and Anti-Infernal Affairs emerged one after another.  Although Ming Yang won the final victory, his vitality was also severely damaged.  Although the popularity of China's resurgence allowed Ming Yang to start quickly, too much reliance on the charm of one work made the website too dependent.  With the completion of the first two parts of China Resurrection, Zhonghua Yang temporarily retired, and Ming Yang also lost the motivation for development.  Although a large number of fictional and military writers have emerged, the decline is inevitable.  It has never been able to grow into a major station in original literature.  (It is worth mentioning that in July 2003, Mingyang cooperated with ReadWrite.com in the sharing of updated information on original works, providing each other¡¯s latest book information prominently on the homepages of both parties¡¯ websites. This should be the earliest VIP book site exchange  ) Ming Yang¡¯s mistakes are similar to those of reading and writing, mainly in the following aspects: 1) There is no accumulation of public works, and he starts charging as soon as he comes up.  Although it attracted a large number of members from other websites through its main works, it quickly reached a bottleneck due to its weak foundation.  2) The genre is too single. Apart from fantasy and military literature, it is almost impossible to find other types of works.  3) The service is too poor. It always uses procedural issues as an excuse to refuse to solve the problem of repeated payments. The impact on members is too bad.  4) The share of royalties given to authors is also too low.  "Ming Yang's payment standard is that every time a member user reads one of your chapters, the author will get 0.01 yuan. For example, today you posted a chapter and 200 member users read it, and the income is 2 yuan, and the next day another  Post a chapter, and 250 people have read it, and the number is 2.5. The more people click to read the book, the more income you will earn. If you are a high-speed and high-quality writer, it should be no problem to earn 1,000 a month. "It seems like there is no problem.  But in fact, one point is equivalent to 0.1 yuan, so the author can only get 10% of the royalties.  There is not much money in a month.  Even at the blood-red speed, it is almost impossible to earn 1,000 yuan a month.  In the Silver Age, because paid websites generally did not pay enough attention to authors and kept manuscript fees too low, the VIP system never had much appeal to authors.  It has not had much impact on first-line websites such as Huanjian and Longkong.  It is precisely because of this that although other online book sites have seen the benefits of the VIP system and have considered the possibility of implementing it, they have basically hesitated to move forward.  Text: The Bronze Age 2003~2004 (update time: 2005-4-812:22:00 word count in this chapter: 8427) In May 2003, after two months of hard work, with the efforts of the Qidian administrator, the second edition came out and was put into production  use.  In June 2003, Huanjian established Beijing Huanjian Shumeng Technology Development Co., Ltd. and began commercial exploration and transformation.  Marks the advent of the Bronze Age.  From June 28th to 29th, the "Daran Legend China's First Fantasy Literature Pen Conference" jointly organized by Legend Literature Selection Magazine, Guangzhou Daran Culture Company and relevant local publishing houses and cultural departments was held in Guangzhou. Qidian Chinese was invited  , Fantasy Sword Book Alliance, Dragon's Sky and other popular websites, as well as dozens of famous online writers, all writers gathered together and talked all day long. It can be regarded as the first grand gathering in the world of fantasy literature.  Regarding the development direction of literary websites, the webmasters participating in the meeting held different opinions.  The VIP plan proposed by others has not been approved by other websites.  Various websites are also focusing on charging intermediary fees for magazine publishing and agency publishing, and are not optimistic about the prospect of VIP charging.  most people think, switching from free to paid will have an irreparable impact on the popularity, and it will be difficult to receive much money. "Readers are very realistic. Before and after Chief Yang became a VIP, the attitude of patriotic readers towards him was very good.  Example. "Due to strong external opposition, disagreements also emerged within Qidian, and the launch of the VIP plan was delayed by more than three months.  But this is not bad luck for Qidian, because the next three months were the months when Qidian¡¯s traffic grew the fastest since the website was established.  (See Alexa traffic analysis: http://www./data/detailhttp://www.) Alexa's ranking went from being more than 5,000 places behind Huanjian, and suddenly caught up to almost the same level.  It cannot but be said to be a miracle.  The rapid growth of website traffic has also laid a solid foundation for the implementation of the VIP system.  According to the analysis of later historians, the main reasons for this miracle are as follows: 1) On August 25, 2003, the second improved version of Qidian was released.  This revision can be called the most successful revision in the history of online literature.  In the days that followed, the advantages of this version were constantly imitated by other literary websites, so that after 2005, almost 80% of the interfaces of literary websites were the same as Qidian. Even portal websites such as Tom also fully adopted the interface of Qidian.  Even Qidian itself is difficult to improve, so that the third version of Qidian has become a legendary term.  2) The implementation of the first release system, especially the first release of Xiaobing Legend, brought a large number of readers. The traffic of Qidian increased significantly between July and August, and the ranking quickly rose from less than 5,000 to more than 1,500.  3) Almost at the same time as Qidian was revised, Fantasy Sword was also revised and the points system was cancelled.  But the effect achieved is exactly the opposite.  A considerable number of readers expressed dissatisfaction with the new version, and a large number of readers were unable to log in, causing these readers to switch to Qidian.  (It is worth mentioning that Queen Fengling'er came to Qidian because she was unable to log in to Huanjian after the revision, which played a decisive role in the growth and decline of both parties.) Although Huanjian continued to refer to Qidian's successful experience in the following days,  Improvements were made to the interface, but with little success.  In November 2004, Huanjian was forced to change the comment area back to the old version, a disguised admission of the complete failure of the 2003 revision.  4) On August 31, 2003, Huanjian released version 2.1 of its work inclusion principles, announcing that works with more pornographic and violent descriptions would be classified as restricted works, and such works would be prohibited from being listed.  Xuehong and other authors were expelled.  A large number of authors switched to Qidian.  By September 2003, literary websites ushered in another development peak since 1999, and the traffic of almost all literary websites was rising rapidly.  This growth momentum did not slow down until the second year.  The rapid growth in the number of users strengthened the determination of Qidian management, and finally decided to start running VIP in October 2003.  In order to get off to a good start, Qidian carefully prepared dozens of VIP works.  However, due to someone's sudden departure on October 1st, most of the works were transferred to other sites. Qidian's VIP plan was seriously frustrated and almost aborted.  When it officially started on October 10, only five VIP works had been collected, and the situation was extremely serious.  Similarly, it was also because during the National Day in October 2003, Tianxia launched its own VIP program and claimed to pay authors 1 dime and 5,000 words.  In order to confirm the advantages of early development, Qidian decided to make the first month free for members, and established a fully discounted manuscript fee system of 2 cents/thousand words.  This helpless move later developed into an industry standard that was almost formed.  Not only do new websites use this as a reference to customize their prices, but those early VIP websites were also forced to adjust their charging standards.  The transfer crisis in October 2003 can be said to be the most serious crisis since the establishment of Qidian.com.  When the VIP road to Qidian was in dire straits, Toad, who had just wandered to Qidian, saved Qidian.  The hot sales of "Tianpeng Zongheng" brought a large number of members to Qidian, and finally overcame the difficulties.  During this period, the early leakage of the Tianpeng VIP chapter caused Qidian to be very passive. Fortunately, Toad quickly revised the plot and eliminated the negative impact by releasing a version different from the leaked chapter.  At the end of October, Qidian participated in the 2003 National Personal Website Competition and won first place. This was also the only website competition that Qidian participated in.  In the future, as Qidian became more and more leading in the industry, Qidian also lost interest in participating in such competitions.  (Using the space won from the competition, Qidian launched the online game "Star Trek: Minion Legend" after the New Year, attracting a large number of readers to participate, and many people got to know each other in this game. Unfortunately, the game itself has too many bugs  , it quickly lost its balance and was permanently closed after the one-month test period.) Until the end of the VIP promotion period on November 10th, when official charges began, the starting point was only 23 VIPs.  Works, and quite a few of them are friendly contracts.  However, because Qidian adopts a full payment system, the author's royalties in the first month exceeded one thousand yuan. Compared with the royalties of previous VIP websites, it was already a huge leap forward.  It was under this circumstance that Qidian published the ¡°Review of the Trial Implementation of the VIP Subscription System¡±.  It is pleased to announce that "with the active subscription of VIP members, VIP's outstanding works have reached the manuscript fee level of 10 yuan/thousand words. The authors with the best subscription scores have earned more than 1,000 yuan in manuscript fees this month." This announcement generated two  Results: 1) The appeal of Qidian VIP to authors is greatly enhanced;2) Stimulate other online book sites that are hesitant.  Shortly after the announcement, Tianying and Cuiwei announced the implementation of VIP.  The Fantasy Sword Book Alliance has also successively launched surveys on "Survey on Cell Phone SMS Prices" and "Survey on Book Alliance Charged Services", and Sima's heart is well known to everyone.  As a result, a vigorous VIP movement swept across all online book sites, and almost no one could stay out of it.  The fastest to do so was Cuiweiju, which quickly attracted a large number of authors from major websites. In order to attract authors to join, Cuiweiju adopted a high-price policy and published e-books at a price of 6 cents/thousand words (the starting point is 2 cents/thousand words).  , so that under the same sharing ratio as other websites, the author can be paid a higher remuneration.  After Cuiweiju successfully attracted the first batch of authors, it quickly started testing the VIP reader and soon entered official operation.  However, on the one hand, due to the previous positioning problem of Cuiweiju, there were too many erotic articles and a poor image among the authors, so many old authors were unwilling to join; on the other hand, the pricing of the works was too high, making it difficult to attract readers to join.  Although there are many good new works, they have never been able to develop.  Most VIP authors either choose tj or switch to other websites.  Tian_Ying originally planned to publish VIP at a price of 2 cents/thousand words. However, after the official operation, it was found that if charging at this price, it would not be able to afford the operating expenses without a share of the share; if it was a share of the share, the manuscript fee would be less than  The starting point had to be raised to 3 points/thousand words in the end.  Although Tianying has also pulled several relatively popular works from other websites, the overall popularity is not high, making the growth of VIP members always tepid.  Knowing that the wave of online games is coming, we ushered in the opportunity for development.  Paipai hopes to develop its own VIP business on a better basis through the cooperation of the well-established VIP website Ming Yang Pinshu.  However, for unknown reasons, the cooperation between the two parties was delayed for several months, and finally the cooperation failed.  Cangpai established a VIP system independently, but the best opportunity to enclose the land has gone forever, and the good works have basically been taken away by others.  As the largest website in Long Kong, Huanjian Shumeng has quietly started contacting the author to prepare for VIP operations long before Qidian started operating VIP.  It should be said that Huanjian's confidentiality work is quite good. The starting point is that the author who was invited by Huanjian knew that Huanjian had this plan.  But for some unknown reason, Huanjian was too cautious when launching VIP. It contacted authors before September, conducted a reader survey in November, publicly invited authors to join in December, and did not officially operate VIP until mid-February of the next year.  The preparation time actually exceeded half a year.  However, even after spending so much time preparing, VIP's results in the first month were still disastrous.  In the eyes of later historians, there are many reasons for this situation. The most important point is that Huanjian Shumeng has not corrected its position since the company was established in June 2003.  Because their leaders were already heading towards the second pole when the company was founded.  .  .  Originally a website developed purely for literary interests, a very dirty commercial blood was injected into it. Although this blood controlled a lot of power, it had no ability to control the development of the website.  As a result, Fantasy Sword has always oscillated between literary and commercialization.  In mid-2003, "gangster" novels represented by "Never Give Up in the Underworld" set off a wave of fringe themes.  There have been a lot of debates about this type of subject on the Fantasy Sword Forum.  With the inclusion of "I Am a Hooligan" on the list, this controversy has reached a climax.  The management of Huanjian showed the same slowness as always and has not released its opinions for a long time.  Until August 29, 2003, Wei Yue published a post titled "Questioning Huanjian's Supervision and Review of Articles" on the comment board. For a time, celebrities gathered and expressed their concerns about the deterioration of Huanjian's literary environment.  In the end, Queen Kawako's theory "If you really build a commercial company, the most important thing is not how popular it is, but how popular it is that you have the ability to pay. No matter how many little p-children there are without money, they have no commercial value."  " How to position target customers is the greatest knowledge. 20% of people create 80% of business value, and I am afraid it is also suitable for the Internet." This was recognized by Huanjian's management.  The next day, Huanjian announced that in order to "improve the shortcomings of the ranking list and correct the bad phenomena of the current book alliance", it would revise the conditions for reviewing works and restrict some works that do not meet the specifications from entering the ranking list.  After the announcement of the new regulations, the Fantasy Sword Forum burst into cheers. The victorious traditional forces pursued the victory and drove out a number of works that did not conform to the image of the Book Alliance.  For a time, the world was clear.  When Qidian released the VIP results announcement in November, the commercial forces within the management of Huanjian Book Alliance gradually gained the upper hand, and the literary forces withdrew from the stage of Huanjian.  Finally, from January to February, the Huanjian administrators who insisted on the path of literature gave up most of their rights and completely disappeared into the vast sea of ??people.  The commercialization of Fantasy Sword began to make great progress.  .  .  Since then, Huanjian¡¯s announcements have become more and more exaggerated and gorgeous. In a review at the end of March, it was announced that ¡°Huanjian¡¯s e-book plan has been busy and fulfilling for a month. In this short period of time,  , we have received nearly a thousand remittances, and also received sincere support from readers for Fantasy Sword and the original author.Satisfied.  The wonderful chapters carefully written by the original author have also been widely loved, and there have also been excellent works like "The Divine Comedy" with 1,400 copies sold and monthly sales of thousands of yuan.  "According to Li Siyuan's private admission, "The Divine Comedy of Fantasy World" only sold 160 copies within 7 days of its release, which is far from Huanjian's announcement. The results of the actual operation of Huanjian VIP show that the commercial value of so-called senior readers is not as high as that of Huanjian.  Xiaobai was much higher. And Huanjian also paid a huge price for this wrong judgment. In the initial stage of the VIP movement, he was far away from other opponents, even if he tried his best to catch up later.  It is precisely because of the mistakes made by the above websites that Qidian has gained valuable development time. On the one hand, it has improved the quality of VIP works through the joining of Fengzi and Zichuan; on the other hand, Longzhan Hoshino,  The addition of popular works such as Modern Soldiers has enhanced the appeal of VIP's works. In addition, in the early days of VIP's development, the directors of Qidian's predecessor, the Fantasy Literature Association (chinesemagicfantasyunion), provided great help to Qidian and provided works for friendly contracts.  , helped Qidian survive the early days of entrepreneurship when the number of VIP works was sparse. By the end of 2003, Qidian announced that ¡°the works with the highest subscription rate in the VIP plan have reached the level of 20 yuan/thousand words¡± and ¡°the number of visits ranks among the top 500 in the world.¡±  , ranked among the top 100 in China, the VIP system is on the right track. After September 2003, the traffic of various domestic book stations began to grow rapidly, and it gradually stabilized until the beginning of 2004. The increase in traffic provided various websites with VIP opportunities  With a solid foundation, literary websites have ushered in the second peak of development since the golden age at the end of the last century. New online literature websites have sprung up like mushrooms after a rain, and a large number of new people have joined the ranks of online writing.  Judging from the situation, ¡°On September 17, 2003, the number of original literary works collected by Qidian Library exceeded 3,000.  ", by the beginning of 2004, the number of works had doubled. It was equivalent to the total growth of the past two years. In the new year of 2004, Qidian experienced the first crash after launching VIP. Although the problem was quickly solved,  For a long time in the future, the shadow of crashes has been hanging over Qidian, and many crashes occurred. It was not until Shanda acquired it in October 2004 that the problem was completely solved during the Spring Festival of 2004.  After the crash, Qidian finally made the decision to add a new server and opened an online payment channel to provide members with a more convenient remittance channel. After introducing masterpieces such as "Fengzi" in the form of buyout, Qidian was clear.  Realizing that due to the limitations of its own funds, the works of famous artists can only play an icing on the cake, and the real development of VIP depends on the discovery and cultivation of new people's new works. Since then, Qidian has always placed its priority on the discovery and cultivation of new people's new works.  A very high position. Through extensive exploration of Qidian¡¯s first new works, Qidian VIP has gathered a large number of popular works, and the number of readers and VIP members has increased significantly after the Spring Festival.  The traffic volume of Qidian.com exceeded that of Fantasy Sword and became the largest website for fantasy literature. By April 1, 2004, with the launch of the new version of VIP reader, the total number of Qidian VIP works increased by 100, both in terms of quantity and quality.  Far more than other websites, Qidian¡¯s announcement stated that ¡°After nearly half a year of continuous efforts and development, the highest authorship fee has reached a record high of 40 yuan per thousand words (that is, 2,000 subscriptions for a single chapter, which is the same as that of domestic publishing).  The royalties for dozens of works range from 20 to 40 yuan per thousand words. The cumulative royalties paid by Qidian are nearly 100,000 yuan. In March alone, the winner of Qidian VIP author's royalties received a monthly income of more than 4,000 yuan.  "The period from February to June 2004 was the third development peak of Qidian. Due to the mistakes of other websites in the initial stage and the efforts of Qidian itself, both in terms of traffic and the number of VIP members, it has fallen far behind.  The gap between it and other websites has been opened, and due to the ether effect, the more members it has, the better it will attract authors; the more good authors it has, the more members it will attract.  On the 1st, it ranked 100th in the world, becoming the first domestic original literary portal to be among the top 100 in the world. It seemed that everything was going so smoothly, and it seemed that starting to dominate the world was just around the corner. However, here we are.  Under the influence of this illusion, Qidian's management relaxed their vigilance and became complacent. As a result, they were caught up by other websites that were gradually awakening and fell into crisis. In May, Qidian's counterattack was greeted by a row of good situations.  It¡¯s May 1st Labor Day. Although Qingqiu pulled several works from Qidian after the new website was established, there are not many popular works except "We Are the Champions". After Qidian took timely measures, the negative impact was basically eliminated.  At the end of April, a wave of online game craze quietly came to Qidian, and more and more online game works appeared on the new book list. However, this phenomenon did not attract Qidian's attention. Hidden Sword paid more attention to the results of May Day and Where to Go with the Sword.  After Jiang Nan and other FB members returned from Guangzhou, they fell ill one after another, resulting in a management vacuum for nearly a month. By May, online games had completely occupied Qidian's weekly clicks and new book lists, and other types of works were basically unable to appear.  It¡¯s getting harder and harder to get new VIPs until now.Only then did Qidian realize that something was wrong.  After careful investigation, I found that almost all new books of some quality have signed contracts with websites such as Tianying.  (Some of them were pulled away by Tian_Ying after being listed on the list, while others signed contracts with Tian_Ying first, and then went to the starting point to list. Since Tian_ying will uniformly teach new authors how to write online games and how to list, all  These works are basically on the new book list.) The most direct consequence is that there were only less than 10 VIP works in the entire three months.  In order to compete with Tianying for new VIPs, Qidian had to repeatedly lower the VIP review standards.  As a result, the overall quality of VIPs continues to decline, and the quality of strong promotions also deteriorates.  During this period, in order to win over these authors, the starting point was Tianying. After Climbing, it also opened an online game column, and increased the proportion of online game works that were strongly promoted.  On the other hand, both sides began to make every effort to delete book reviews posted on the other's website. The war between the two sides continued to escalate and spread to other websites.  Later, almost all websites completely deleted La Shu¡¯s book reviews.  The relationship between various websites has dropped to a freezing point.  In the end, Qidian realized that it could not continue like this, because Tian_Ying could attract VIPs when the new work had less than 10,000 words, which Qidian could not do anyway.  As a last resort, Qidian had to adopt a lose-lose approach. After launching the new book recommendation list based on the Sanjiangge review method, it canceled the original new book list to protect its own book sources.  Tian_Ying's counterattack against Qidian in May was a complete success. 80% of the new works (mostly online games) that emerged on Qidian were divided up by Tian_ying and Climbing.  The VIP sharing of Tianying and Climbing has also attracted a large number of authors to join, promoting the rapid development of members.  As a result, Tian_Ying's VIP achieved tremendous development, quickly surpassing the Phantom Sword and approaching the starting point.  At the same time, Huanjian not only attracted authors from the starting point, but also actively cooperated with Taiwanese publishing houses and released Tongxinmeng's works and Shangyan and Shuoping's works respectively.  And launched monthly mobile phone subscription in July 2004.  Authors such as Shuxia Yehu and others who had signed contracts long ago finally had their works included in the Fantasy Sword VIP.  In addition, in order to make up for its low salary and lack of attraction to new authors, Huanjian launched a convenient and fast self-service signing system.  Without the promise of VIP, first induce the author to sign an exclusive contract.  "To put it bluntly, it means monopolizing promising works first, and then letting the authors work hard on their own. Only when they get ahead will Huanjian begin to help with development. If you don't get ahead, it will be difficult for you to terminate the contract and go elsewhere." Around June  At that time, many authors who had previously signed contracts with Tianxia Book Alliance had no choice but to terminate their contracts with Tianxia Book Alliance when their publications failed and their submitted manuscripts were stolen.  Switch to VIP websites such as Huanjian and Qingxin.  Indirectly promote the development of these websites.  As other websites strive to catch up, Qidian¡¯s advantage continues to shrink.  Although, when online games were popular, many popular works joined Qidian VIP, which promoted the development of Qidian VIP in a short period of time.  However, as these online games slowed down their update speed for various reasons, the development speed of Qidian VIP gradually slowed down.  At the most dangerous time at the starting point, "The Way of the Rising Dragon" came out - "When the rising dragon appears, who can compete with him for the top?"  Since the day Shenglong was put on the shelves, it has been constantly breaking various records of Qidian VIP.  The highest number of subscriptions rose from 3,000 to over 5,000 within a month, and the author¡¯s monthly remuneration record exceeded 10,000 for the first time.  After Tianying's counterattack in May, Qidian's various systems gradually became formalized and preparations began to establish the company.  The mining of new VIP works has also begun to get back on track.  In addition, Qidian's preferential period for royalties originally ended in May 2004, but due to Huanjian's continuous postponement of the preferential period, Qidian had to keep changing the end date.  In the end, I simply didn¡¯t write down the specific date.  Just when people thought that the pattern of online book sites had stabilized, an anti-pornography and anti-illegal activity swept across the entire Chinese Internet and fell on literary websites.  In August and September of 2004, websites such as Tianying, Reading, and Cuiwei were censored or even closed down one after another. Websites such as Qidian.com and Huanjian also launched self-examination activities, and a large number of works were deleted or blocked.  This sudden and unexpected event broke the newly established balance. Readers who had nowhere to go due to the closure of websites such as Sky_Eagle moved to other websites.  During that period, the traffic of websites such as Qidian.com increased significantly.  The website became very slow and often had link errors.  Sites that survived the movement experienced huge growth.  Among them, Qidian and Phantom Sword have benefited the most, while Climbing, due to too few works of its own, almost completely stopped VIP updates after Tianying was closed. It failed to receive the reader resources left by its allies, and lost its last chance for development.  When the confrontation between the north and the south of Fantasy Sword and Qidian was about to take shape, Shanda announced his arrival with a "letter to the fantasy author".  The recently established PT Literature relied on Shanda's strong capital to sign contracts with many well-known authors in the form of buyouts, causing people on the Internet to cry wolf.  However, PT Literature did not grow as rapidly as Shanda expected.  Although it has many famous writers, the number of readers is not even as high as that of small websites such as Qingxin.  The flow of people playing games has not been converted into people reading books.  Soon the development of literary literature reached a bottleneck.  Not only has the number of readers grown slowly, but the number of new authors joining has also slowed down.  Because the remaining outstanding authors basically have contracts, it is difficult to poach them.  The hematopoietic function of pt literature itself (cultivating new authors)It is weak and difficult to attract new authors.  If this momentum continues, it is likely that the world will eventually be divided into three parts: Qidian relies on a large number of VIP authors and members, as well as the continuous emergence of newcomers and new works, occupying half of the world.  But funding issues will limit the further development of Qidian.  Fantasy Sword relies on accumulated historical resources and good relationships with old authors and publishing houses to occupy a position.  However, the weak hematopoietic function of the Phantom Sword itself determines that it has little room for upward development.  Although pt Literature is at a disadvantage in terms of readers, authors, etc., it has a huge advantage that other literary websites do not have, which is its almost unlimited financial advantage.  Whether it¡¯s publishing or VIP, it will all be reflected in the royalties in the end.  Shanda's abundant funds allow him to attract authors with remuneration that is much higher than that of other websites.  Although according to that remuneration, even if you publish VIP at the starting point, you will definitely lose money.  However, Shanda is fully able to withstand this level of losses.  Therefore, although PT Literature is the weakest among the three, it is entirely possible that it will replace the starting point after 2 or 3 years of development.  but.  .  .  .  .  .  This did not happen in the end.  Because Shanda didn't have the patience to wait for 2 or 3 years to achieve success, it adopted a method most commonly used by capital: "I can't surpass you, but I can buy you."  Shanda¡¯s acquisition of Qidian has permanently changed the landscape of literary websites and heralded the end of the Bronze Age when all powerful powers came together.  History has turned another page.  .  .  .  .  .  Text Black Iron Age 2004~2005 (update time: 2005-4-822:18:00 word count in this chapter: 4032) has a starting point with sufficient financial support from Shanda, leaving other websites far behind in almost all aspects.  After the acquisition in October 2004, Shanda used its channels to cover nearly 70% of the second-tier cities in the country and its ability to sell point cards to every place in the mainland with computers. Together with online banking and other channels, Shanda has attracted many people who like to read books and  Readers with the ability to pay become Qidian VIP members.  In just three months, the increase in readership has led to the influx of a large number of authors, making it possess 90% of the author resources and reader resources in the industry.  Other sites have little room to grow.  Early VIP websites such as ReadWrite and Mingyang have declined, and almost all their authors have been lost.  After stopping for three months, Tianying Literature was resurrected under the name Tianyi, and formed a three-stop alliance with Climb and Adventurer. The quality of VIP works has been greatly improved.  But this three-month time difference caused Tian_ying to lose too many things.  Both authors and readers are losing a lot, and the traffic is not even as good as before 2003.  Even the three-station alliance, which originally had huge prospects for making money, is also struggling and is in a state of limbo.  Because there were too many pornographic elements in Cuiwei's original works, her vitality was severely damaged after the crackdown on pornography on the Internet, and she had almost no VIP copies left.  Other emerging websites such as Qingxin and Tiexue have little traffic, so it is difficult for them to make any big achievements.  At this moment when the vast majority of online book sites are facing marginalization, "in order to allow authors and readers to continue to have the right to choose and protect the public interests of the incomplete online fantasy literature market," Huanjian Book Alliance resolutely raised a counter-starting point  flag.  In order to counter Shanda Qidian¡¯s financial advantage, it actively turned to other capital to seek cooperation.  Establish strategic partnerships with large companies such as NetEase and Tencent.  In 2004, Huanjian "established a preliminary cooperative relationship with Tencent, opened a special area for Huanjian's works on the well-known portal Sohu, organized an exclusive "Absolute Live" column to conduct an exclusive interview with the author, and cooperated with "Computer Business Intelligence¡¤Game World"  Organized the "Nine City Cup" national game literature competition, and jointly organized two mobile phone auctions with eBay."  Through a year-long push on the home page, we spare no effort to publicize and promote the signed works.  In order to improve Huanjian's Alexa ranking, Huanjian provides an Alexa toolbar download link on the homepage.  In order to break Qidian's blockade on popular works, Huanjian strengthened its cooperation with Shuoyu and Xian.com in e-books, and launched the "Initiative for Jointly Building an Online Original Environment" to communicate with BBS, which publishes OCR, and reached an agreement.  On the other hand, through high-priced buyouts, authors are attracted to sign contracts.  In order to promote the growth of members, Huanjian has also opened up flexible and diverse payment methods - from landline phones to China Mobile, China Unicom, Q coins and so on.  And on March 29, 2005, the points system was restored, stipulating that receiving text messages must have more than 100 points.  At the same time, in order to facilitate the calculation of monthly income and promote monthly consumption of members, Huanjian draws on the successful experience of China Mobile and launches a monthly card system with Huanjian characteristics, setting a point card validity period (the balance in the card will be forfeited after expiration).  After the implementation of this system, the growth momentum of consumer income can only be described as "surge", and it still maintains a steady upward trend to this day.  It is worth mentioning that Huanjian did not repeat the same mistakes as the original one. It withstood the huge pressure from members and unswervingly implemented the balance penalty system, providing a solid foundation for achieving the ambitious goal of annual turnover exceeding 6 million yuan.  .  Compared with the rapid development of Huanjian, the development speed of Qidian seems to be unsatisfactory.  With the expansion of the company's scale, various affairs have become increasingly formal, and the speed of solving problems has become increasingly slow.  After a month-long running-in period, Qidian began to launch a series of new initiatives.  It provides payment channels for game card recharge and has established a 24-hour online customer service center.  And based on readers¡¯ opinions, the starting point is?The interface undergoes a series of improvements.  Marked by the million-yuan annual salary signing event in December, Qidian began to gradually transform into the Xianwang model.  By inviting publishing resource partners on a large scale and buying out outstanding works on a large scale, we will make strategic preparations for entering the physical publishing market.  In terms of VIP, the trend of commercialization is more obvious, and the number of VIP works is increasing rapidly.  For reasonable tax purposes, Qidian has changed the payment of royalties from cumulative payment to monthly payment.  At the same time, due to the increase in channel costs, Qidian finally ended the half-year extended preferential period after distributing a last supper of 300,000 yuan in December and began to share revenue with authors.  It announced the end of the year-long price war with Huanjian.  (Two months later, Huanjian also lowered the royalty sharing ratio to 0.5 cents/thousand words) Entering 2005, the author groups of each website have been basically fixed, and excellent works have been divided up.  In order to achieve greater development, major websites began to seek the possibility of mergers.  After receiving the message from Ming Yang's contracted author through the article "Breaking VIP Barriers", Huanjian Book Alliance invested tens of thousands of yuan to acquire Ming Yang Pinshu.com and took over Ming Yang's remaining VIP works and members.  Subsequently, six fresh and popular works were added to Qidian VIP, announcing the arrival of the era of website integration.  The VIP market is basically divided between Qidian, Huanjian and the Three Station Alliance, and other websites have been basically marginalized.  This is also in line with the characteristics of the Internet industry. Among websites of the same vertical type, only the top three can get room for development.  By April 2005, Qidian¡¯s Chinese page visits had reached 40 million to 42 million per day, which was equivalent to three times that of Huanjian.  The total monthly royalties paid exceed 700,000, and dozens of authors have more than 6,000 single-chapter subscriptions.  (In other literary websites, there are less than 10 VIP works with more than 1,000 single chapter subscriptions.) In the eyes of later historians, the biggest reason why Qidian started from a "relatively dynamic emerging website" in just two years  , because there is a firm and pragmatic management.  Unlike other literary website managers who are boastful and have high ambitions but low ambitions, the internal staff of Qidian have basically maintained a diligent and pragmatic style.  Continuous innovation and improvement have enabled Qidian to maintain a good momentum of development.  When other websites have just begun to learn from Qidian to promote work classification, Qidian has begun to launch a professional classification system for book libraries, realizing the secondary category function; while other book sites are still using fixed recommendations to promote works, Qidian Zhi Nao  The book recommendation system has been born, providing targeted recommendations for each reader based on the collected reader information; while other websites are still using backward fixed layers of bookshelf, Qidian has launched a new bookshelf management function  , allowing readers to manually adjust the grouping of works.  .  .  .  .  .  The other websites that followed have taken many detours by imitating the success of the starting point.  However, blindly imitating others will only push yourself further and further away, and ultimately make you lose the ability to innovate and end up copying others.  In addition, Qidian¡¯s discovery and promotion of new talents is also one of the reasons why Qidian continues to grow.  The most typical example is "The Other Side of the Nebula", which was evaluated by the staff of Huanjian as "it is normal not to be a big hit". After a simple publicity and promotion by Qidian, the number of clicks increased in just one week was the same as his past 3  4 times the total number of clicks in the month, and more than 40 times the total number of clicks on Huanjian.  Not only that, the number of single-chapter subscriptions for the VIP chapter of the book far exceeds any other work of Fantasy Sword.  It can be said that this hematopoietic function of constantly cultivating popular works is the biggest advantage of Qidian over other literary websites.  With its strong publicity capabilities based on its huge number of members and its financial strength and publishing channels that far exceed those of other literary websites, more and more new and old authors are joining Qidian, even VIPs who joined other websites in the early days of the rise of VIP.  Authors have also switched their new works to Qidian.  This further led to the decline of other literary websites.  At the same time, in terms of operating philosophy, unlike some websites that use fraudulent means to make dirty money for immediate benefits, Qidian adheres to the principle of openness and transparency for both members and authors.  When some websites secretly raise the price and sell works that were originally 2 cents/thousand words for 6 cents/thousand words, Qidian has always insisted on the membership price of 2 cents/thousand words; when some websites in order to increase income  , when setting the card period and forcing consumption, Qidian always puts the interests of members first and insists that Qidian coins are valid for life; when some websites transfer operating expenses to the author through so-called "actual income", Qidian is  While developing payment channels such as point card recharge and audio recharge, we insist on shouldering the huge sales channel costs ourselves to ensure that the author's remuneration share will not be reduced accordingly.  It is precisely because of its insistence on integrity that Qidian has gained the understanding and support of more and more authors and readers, and has won a large number of long-term customers far beyond those of other websites.  Although those websites that play tricks can gain higher income in the short term, they can only deceive people for a while, and in the long run, they will end up losing more than they gain.  As time goes by, more and more authors and readers will eventually recognize its true colors and choose to leave.  By the time the website discovers that its reputation has been ruined, it is already too late to figure out how to make up for it.  (Arrived at 200In April 2015, the recommendation list of a well-established book site had fallen into a situation where there were no books to recommend, and the subscriptions for the new VIP works on the list were less than double digits.  Already started tasting the bitters I brewed.  ) However, in the face of the seemingly promising results of Qidian, there are also a lot of hidden worries in the VIP system of the entire literary website.  One of the hidden worries is that the VIP bubble is serious.  Since the large-scale encirclement that began in April last year, various online book sites have continuously lowered their VIP contract standards in order to attract more authors, resulting in a proliferation of VIPs.  It is estimated that Huanjian and Qidian alone have more than 3,000 signed works.  With so many signed works, it is impossible to guarantee the quality of the works, causing the overall quality of VIP to continue to decline.  Occasionally excellent works are also buried in a sea of ??mediocre works, unable to be discovered by readers.  Among them, the "Buddha" incident that occurred in October 2004 is a milestone event comparable to the "Cheerful Boy" incident that was broadcast at the end of 2002.  (Note: I wrote less than 2,000 words before and after "The Buddha" and it topped the Huanjian new book list, and then signed a contract with Huanjian VIP) The second hidden worry is advertising fatigue.  In order to attract signed authors, various websites have promised to promote the authors.  Due to the rapid expansion of the VIP team, the original publicity positions quickly failed to make ends meet, and we had to continuously extend the length of each recommendation list and add new publicity positions.  There are more and more recommendation lists of all kinds, but the quality of the works promoted continues to decline.  As a result, the brand effect of the recommended list continues to decline.  The third hidden worry is the change in the author's mentality.  Under the influence of the VIP bubble, new authors are becoming more and more impetuous and their appetites are growing.  They only see the current glory of the famous author, but do not pay attention to the hard work of others.  Often after writing tens of thousands of words, they rush to sign a contract and put it on the shelves. Once the results are unsatisfactory, they complain everywhere without looking for the reasons at their own level.  The fourth hidden worry is the tj problem.  The initial purpose of establishing the VIP system was to provide material assistance to authors, provide readers with high-quality reading, and minimize the phenomenon of "works being abandoned halfway".  However, with the development now, the number of tj's works is indeed increasing.  Among the works already on the shelves on various sites, tj¡¯s should account for more than half.  There are various reasons for tj, including the reduction of the author's free time (work, further education, marriage, etc.), the publication of works (due to the serious piracy situation, most publications require authors to slow down or even stop online updates), and low royalties.  , exhaustion of talents and ideas may lead to tj.  The road to VIP development is still long, and the harvest season is far from coming.
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