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Volume 3: With a blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 45: One emperor through the ages

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    Then Zhao Tuo sent troops to attack King Anyang and drove him away, and then annexed Guilin County and Xiang County.  Literary bar wxba Zhao Tuo considered that the Yue tribe in Xiangjun was too powerful, so he split Xiangjun into Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen counties, and only sent two envoys to manage major affairs. Daily affairs were still managed by the tribal leaders themselves.

    Around 203 BC (the third year of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty), Zhao Tuo established the Nanyue Kingdom in the Lingnan region with Panyu as his capital, and called himself King Wu of Nanyue.

    "In addition, "Shuo Yuan Zhi Gong" written by Liu Xiang of the Western Han Dynasty also records that Qin Shihuang once discussed the issue of abdication with doctors:

    After the collapse of the Six Kingdoms, Qin Shihuang held a court meeting on a certain day and decided that the three kings (namely Xia Yu, Shang Tang, and Zhou Wu) would implement the hereditary system, while the five emperors would implement the abdication system. He asked the officials who was superior, and then chose to follow.  Of.  Since this involves the sensitive issue of succession to the throne, all the doctors remained silent on it. Only Dr. Bao Bailing said that the five emperors gave way to the worthy, and they regarded the world as the official world; the three kings were hereditary, and they regarded the world as their home.

    Qin Shihuang believed that his virtues were inherited from the Five Emperors, so he wanted to rule the world and leave the world to virtuous people. He asked Bao Bailingzhi who could inherit his career.  Bao Bailingzhi poured cold water on Qin Shihuang in court, saying that Qin Shihuang followed the path of Jie and Zhou, implemented many projects during his tenure, abused people's power excessively, and was far from the virtues of the Five Emperors.  Faced with Bao Bailingzhi's words, Qin Shihuang was silent for a long time, looking ashamed, and finally gave up the idea of ??abdication.

    In fact, since during the Warring States Period, King Kuai of Yan had already abdicated the throne to his son, and Qin Shihuang believed that he had merited the three emperors and had the virtue of the five emperors, so it is not surprising that he had the idea of ????abdication.  However, "Historical Records" is the most authoritative source for studying Qin Shihuang's life. "Historical Records" does not record this incident, which means that Qin Shihuang's talk about abdication can only be used as an anecdote.

    In order to find the elixir of immortality, Qin Shihuang sent the alchemist Xu Fu to lead 6,000 boys and girls across the East China Sea to seek immortality.  "Chu Yi Liu Tie" records.  Xu Fu and the boys and girls never returned after arriving at their destination, Yingzhou (today's Japan). The Japanese Qin family were their descendants, but some later generations of scholars have raised doubts about this.

    Qin Shihuang is a legendary and epoch-making figure in Chinese history.

    He is the first emperor of China, the founder of the title of emperor, the founder of the Chinese emperor system, and the first person to bring China into the era of centralized imperialism.

    During his lifetime, he united the world, proclaimed himself emperor, abolished feudalism, established prefectures and counties, conquered Baiyue, drove out the Xiongnu, built the Great Wall, built ditches, sold weapons, moved wealthy people, used the same chariots and rails, wrote the same texts, made the same coins, the same shapes, and the same degrees.  The ruler, the equal balance of power, the same conduct, the same code, ruling the country by law, and burning books and humiliating Confucians are important for the unification of China, the establishment of China's political system, the establishment of China's territory, and the inheritance of the Chinese nation.  , all played an indelible key role and had an immeasurable and far-reaching impact on later generations of China and the world.

    But since ancient times.  Qin Shihuang has always been a controversial figure. Those who praise him call him the first emperor to unify the world, while those who criticize him call him a tyrant who created a dictatorship.

    Qin Shihuang ended more than 500 years of separatist feudal feudalism during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, and established the first unified, multi-ethnic, communist centralized state in Chinese history, laying a solid foundation for China's development.  The so-called Han inherited the Qin system.  Its system has not changed since the Qin Dynasty. The Qin Empire established by Qin Shihuang laid the foundation for China's political system for nearly two thousand years.

    Qin Shihuang completed the political and economic unification of China for the first time.  According to historical records, there were ten thousand kingdoms in the Xia Dynasty, one thousand kingdoms in the Shang Dynasty, eight hundred kingdoms in the Zhou Dynasty, and about two hundred kingdoms in the late Western Zhou Dynasty.  During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were more than one hundred kingdoms, and in the late Warring States Period, seven heroes were formed.

    The national documents of these countries are in different languages, the coins are in different shapes, the measures are different, the weight is not balanced, and the customs are different within ten miles.  Qin Shihuang established the first unified, multi-ethnic centralized state in China for the first time, forming the same system of cars on the same track, books on the same text, money on the same currency, coins of the same shape, measures with the same scale, power with the same balance, and actions with the same behavior.  The unified situation of ethics and laws laid a solid foundation for subsequent dynasties to seek unification.

    Since Qin.  The characters used by the Chinese people originated from the Qin people. China¡¯s vast territory is the continuation of the Qin Empire. The unity and integration of the Chinese nation began to take shape during the Qin Empire. China¡¯s political system, cultural ideas and other aspects are all deeply imprinted by Qin Shihuang.  : The civil and martial arts established by Qin Shihuang more than 2,000 years ago.  Since then, it has always been connected by blood with the Chinese nation.

    Qin Shihuang¡¯s greatest creation of the political system was to abolish the feudal system nationwide and replace it with the county system.  Under the direct control of the emperor, a whole set of bureaucracy was established from the central government to the counties, establishing the central authority and centralization of power.

    In addition to the reform of the political system, Qin Shihuang also extensively unified various other systems, including the national water and land transportation system (the same track for vehicles), the national writing system (the same text for books), the national weights and measures system (the same measure and weight) and  The national currency system (money is the same as currency)? Coins are of the same shape).

    He also tried to unify the country's thoughts (burning books and harassing Confucianism), but the method was too violent and was not completed (unification of thought was not initially completed until Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty deposed hundreds of schools of thought and only respected Confucianism).  It should be said that it was precisely because Qin Shihuang focused on governance and system construction in the conquered land, unlike other conquerors of the same period (such as Alexander of ancient Macedonia or Caesar of ancient Rome) who only emphasized conquest but not  The construction and unification of institutions and culture made the unified land rule stable, and prevented China from experiencing truly irreversible division or destruction like other ancient civilizations in the following thousands of years, laying the foundation for the history of modern China.  Base.

    Although China has experienced long-term civil strife and division, and the languages ??of different regions are also very different, it has always had the same culture, and it was unified again and again after several divisions because Qin Shihuang unified the writing system.

    Qin Shihuang pioneered the post system and built post roads, which laid the technical foundation for the communication of government orders in the vast empire and the resulting imperial state with the system of prefectures and counties.

    Building post roads and setting up counties and counties is a necessary condition for China to adopt the advanced system of counties and counties instead of the feudal system similar to the West.  At the same time, ancient Rome could not effectively control the occupied areas and could only set up governors with great power (the governors held the military and political power of a place, they were all nobles, and the grassroots organizations relied on the original local organizations), which was still similar to the feudal system.  It was a very important reason for the subsequent division of the Roman Empire.

    The county system is a civilian system. Its military and political leaders are appointed by the emperor. Military merit can be promoted or demoted based on political performance, and they can be transferred equally. This has led to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers.  Both professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians. The county bureaucracy effectively guarantees the rights of civilians (commoners) to participate in and discuss politics (for example, Li Si, Meng Ao, etc. are all commoners, and they are promoted to generals and prime ministers based on military merit and political performance). Compared with enfeoffment,  Controlling this kind of aristocratic politics is undoubtedly a great historical progress.

    Since Shang Yang¡¯s reform, the Qin State has attached great importance to governing the country by law. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and highly respected the Legalist figure Han Fei. He once said to himself that if he traveled with him, he would have no hatred.  During the war, Qin Shihuang rewarded and punished generals in accordance with the law.  After unifying China, Qin Shihuang used the original legal decrees of the Qin State as a basis, absorbed certain provisions of the laws of the six countries, and formulated and promulgated unified laws throughout the country.  Although Qin Shihuang was independent and believed that I was the world, the Qin generation still governed the country according to the law.

    All in all, during his lifetime, Qin Shihuang united the world, proclaimed himself emperor, abolished feudalism, established prefectures and counties, conquered Baiyue, drove out the Xiongnu, built the Great Wall, opened ditches, sold weapons, relocated wealthy people, used cars in the same track, wrote books with the same text, money with the same coin, and coins with the same shape.  The same measure, the same balance of power, the same line of conduct, the same code, ruling the country by law, burning books and humiliating Confucianism are of great significance to the unification of China, the creation of China's political system, the establishment of China's territory, and the Chinese nation.  The inheritance has played an indelible key role and can be called an emperor through the ages.
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