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Volume 1: Fierce Battle in Changsha Chapter 743: Treaty of Ili

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    After receiving the news that the Russians were making peace with the Taiping Rebellion alone, Sir Collington felt unprecedentedly angry. He loudly denounced the Russians as traitors, but he showed no shame at all. Britain and France also ignored the Russians and were making peace alone.  Did the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom engage in peace negotiations?

    Sir Elgin only echoed a few words casually. He was more concerned about the reasons why Russia took the initiative to make peace and the content of the peace treaty between China and Russia.  The intelligence information sent by the Americans was accurate and exceeded the scope of the Americans' intelligence capabilities. Elgin believed that this must have been leaked to the Americans by the Taiping Rebellion. He hoped that the Americans would pass the information to Britain and France, in order to express their gratitude to Britain and France.  Apply pressure.

    First of all, it was the reason why the Russians negotiated a separate peace. It turned out that the Taiping Rebellion not only attacked the Russians in Siberia, but also the central Lake Baikal region and western Central Asia were also attacked by the Taiping Rebellion.

    China¡¯s northeastern region is a main battlefield in the war with Russia, while Central Asia on the other side is a larger battlefield.  As early as the first half of the 19th century, Tsarist Russia began its comprehensive conquest of Kazakhstan in Central Asia. On the one hand, it dispatched a large number of troops to suppress the resistance of various Kazakh tribes, and on the other hand, it induced the upper-level Kazakh leaders of the small, medium and big accounts to surrender to themselves.  In 1822, the Tsarist Russian government authorized Siberian Governor-General Speransky to promulgate the "Western Siberian Kyrgyz Regulations", announcing the abolition of Kazakhstan's original political governance system (Khan system), dividing the Kazakh region into several administrative regions, and all in accordance with the Russian political system.  , ruled by officials sent by the Tsarist Russian government.  At this point, the Kazakh Khanate, which had lasted for 366 years, was declared destroyed.  With the conquest of Kazakhstan, Tsarist Russia launched a powerful offensive against the Central Asian khanates and China's Xinjiang region.

    In 1834, the Novo-Alexandrovsk Fortress was built on the Mangeshlak Peninsula.  In November 1839, Petrovsky, the then Governor of Orenburg, once again sent more than 5,000 people to the Khiva Khanate. They were hit by a blizzard and suffered heavy losses, but still failed.  After that, Russia's main attack direction shifted to the northern part of the Kokand Khanate.  In 1847, Raimburg was built at the mouth of the Syr Darya River.  On July 28, 1853, Petrovsky, who was re-appointed as the governor of Orenburg, once again sent more than 2,000 Russian troops. After 22 days of siege, they occupied the famous white mosque Akmegit in the Kokand Fortress and formed a fortress on the Syr Darya River.  Wire.

    at the same time.  The Tsarist Russian army marched south from Semipalatinsk. In 1847, they invaded southward along the Aigus River and secretly built the Kopal Castle between the Lebushe River and the Kukwusu River in China, southeast of Lake Balkhash.  From 1851, Russia took advantage of the Qing government's internal and external difficulties.  Taking advantage of the chaos in the Altai Mountains, the disorder invaded the upper reaches of the Ob River, including the Chanas, Hatun, and Biya rivers, and gradually advanced to the hinterland of Altai and the upper reaches of the Irtysh River, trying to occupy China's inner lake Zhaisangbo.  own.

    Because the then Emperor Xianfeng followed Xingzhen¡¯s advice, he took effective preventive measures.  Only then did Russia's plan to invade Zaisang Lake fail to materialize.  However, in the summer of 1854, they occupied Gurban Almaty between the Chui River and the Ili River at the northern foot of the Tianshan Mountains, and established Verne Castle near Gurban Almaty.  In October of the same year, Kopal Fort and Vilne Fort were included in the newly created Semipalatinks Province in Western Siberia, and the areas east and south of China's Balkhash Lake (then the largest lake in China) were added without authorization.  The region was included in Russia's territory, and it continued to expand its influence eastward to the Issyk-Kul Lake (then the second largest lake in China).  In 1856, Vilneburg was made the capital of the newly established Alatav state, forming another fortress line that surrounded the Kazakh grasslands and attacked the Central Asian khanates, that is, the Siberian line, which was mostly located in China at that time.

    Compared to the northeastern region, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom¡¯s use of troops in the northwest region started relatively late. After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom¡¯s wing king Shi Da opened an army of more than 100,000 wing halls and advanced into Qinghai and Xinjiang in 1860.  It quickly wiped out the local opposition forces, and then began to attack the Russian fortress line in Central Asia in early 1861.

    King Yi also implemented the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom¡¯s New Deal in Xinjiang and other places. Under the dual pressure of the bayonet and the New Deal, Xinjiang and other places quickly stabilized. Of course, the historical pain of the integration of various ethnic groups was indispensable.  Later, Yi Wang Shi Dakai followed the practice of the West Palace and united all anti-Russian forces that could be united. He recruited tens of thousands of coalition forces composed of local ethnic groups in Xinjiang and other places to participate in the war against Russia.  With more than 100,000 Yidian troops plus newly formed local troops in Xinjiang, the Taiping Rebellion assembled nearly 250,000 troops to launch a massive attack on Central Asia.

    The 250,000-strong army was quite deadly to the Russian army in Central Asia. The entire outer line of bunkers on the Kazakh grassland was attacked by the Taiping Army from multiple directions over a period of several months. Then Shi Dakai united with many of the Russian troops on the Kazakh grassland.  The khanates and tribes invaded by the Japanese fought against the Russian army.  Between April 1861 and March 1862.  The Russian offensive line was forced to retreat to the starting position before 1847, with a loss of up to 120,000 troops. Coupled with the resistance of the people when they conquered Central Asia, the Russians lost hundreds of thousands of people.

    Under this kind of pressure.  The Russians were powerless to stop them.?The Russian army in Central Asia was short of troops and hoped to mobilize reinforcements from Eastern Europe. However, Tsar Alexander II found that his country was falling into a crisis of serf reform. A large number of serfs revolted and they refused the country's call.  Russia was unable to mobilize enough troops to fight the war in Central Asia. You must know that the army organized by the Taiping Rebellion in Central Asia reached 300,000 at its peak, known as the 500,000 Central Asian Coalition Army.  So in Central Asia, the Russian army could only struggle to support itself.

    The last fuse that defeated Russia was in the north of the Far East, where the Russian army suffered another major blow.  The Russian army's largest stronghold in the Far East, Yakutsk, was captured by the Taiping Army. Four divisions of the Russian army were wiped out. The Russian Governor of Siberia, Muraviev, was made a prisoner.  The last bit of Russian military power in the Far East has also disappeared. The Taiping Army and the Mongolian cavalry are galloping freely in the vast Siberian land. The coalition forces of the Wing King in Central Asia are invincible. The Russian power is almost driven east of Lake Baikal.

    At the same time, after seeing Russia's decline, the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire were also ready to attack the Russians. In this situation, the Russians could only sue for peace. They are now in a weak period after the defeat of Crimea.  , is also at a critical point in domestic serfdom reform, and is really unable to deal with a war of this scale.  So the Tsar had to order peace talks with the Chinese, hoping to stabilize the front on the current basis and avoid losing large tracts of land.

    In April 1862, a Russian mission of more than a hundred people came to Ili, Xinjiang, to hold peace talks with King Yi of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Beijing of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom also sent a mission to participate in the negotiations.

    After more than ten days of negotiations, the two sides reached the "Sino-Russian Ili Treaty", the first of which is that the eastern territories of both parties are bounded by Lake Baikal and the Yenisei River, and the large area to the east becomes the new territory of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, while the central area  It is bounded by Tangnu Uliang Sea, Balkhash Lake and Issyk-Kul Lake.  The second is that China will restore the status of the Kazakh Khanate in Central Asia and Russia will recognize it.  Third, Russia compensated China for 30 million pounds of war compensation. Since Russia was now very poor, it had to use Alaska territory to offset part of the war compensation, and the remaining 20 million pounds had to be paid off within twenty years.  Fourth, both sides also opened several major cities in the north as trade ports.  Fifth Russia spent more than three million pounds to redeem prisoners of war in the Far East.

    So far, the eastern head of the Russian double-headed eagle has been completely chopped off, Russia has lost its outlet to the Pacific Ocean, and the Russian Pacific Fleet has ceased to exist.

    After hearing the treaty signed by the Russians, Sir Collington and Sir Elgin were very surprised. They were not surprised that the Russians negotiated peace. They just felt a little abandoned when the Russians negotiated peace first. But what surprised them was that  The Russians, who have always had a huge appetite for territory, actually succumbed this time. It seems that the strength of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom has reached a peak period. At this time, there is absolutely no benefit in fighting the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

    Sir Collington looked at Hong Kong's position on the map and murmured to himself: "Are we really going to give up Hong Kong?" Sir Elgin also felt very embarrassed. After the base was established in Hong Kong, the British immediately announced that Hong Kong  for a free port.  British merchants, including opium traders, gradually established Hong Kong as a hub for free trade with the East. American opium traders and bankers also came to Hong Kong to participate in trade with China.  At the same time, Hong Kong is also the anchorage of the prime mover fleet and is Britain's most important port in the Far East. It is really difficult to make a decision to give up.

    But the Russians have already made peace alone. Can Britain and France force the Taiping into submission with their fleets alone?  Since the founding of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, their attitude towards territorial sovereignty has been unyielding. Sir Elgin knew this very well.  The Kowloon Peninsula's frequent nuisances to Hong Kong Island made the British uneasy. Not only military pressure, but also civilian interactions and nuisances often troubled them. Even if they did not return Hong Kong, then the military turmoil on the Kowloon Peninsula would  Under the disturbance, it is difficult for Hong Kong to develop stably.

    After some discussions, Sir Elgin proposed a more decent condition. Considering the British investment and construction in Hong Kong, could the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom pay a sum of money to redeem Hong Kong Island?  Calculate the losses on investment and construction, and at the same time, Hong Kong is still a free port, but warships from various countries berth differently, and only commercial ships can berth. See if this can bring the two sides to an agreement.

    After much thought, Sir Collington said: "We can only report this consideration to the country first. I think this is our final limit. As for continuing the war, we should follow the negotiations we have made these days.  The result of signing a treaty depends on the vote of Congress" (To be continued.)
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