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Text Chapter 39 Cavalry!  Attack!

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    Chapter 39 Cavalry!  Attack!

    Leaving three thousand troops to garrison Port Suez, Du Xuewen and Xue Ne set off at night. Their targets were in the north, at Port Said and Alexandria.

    In a strange environment, the Tang Army did not feel uncomfortable. Even the Liaodong Army, which had been fighting in a bitter and cold place like Liaodong, did not appear acclimatized.

    Countless war horses were galloping on the land of Egypt, rushing north all the way. With such a large-scale march, it was impossible to hide their tracks. The only thing they could do now was to speed up and garrison the Dashi in Cairo.  Rush to kill their prey before they know it.

    China is the first country in the world to have cavalry. After so many years of war accumulation, the use of cavalry tactics has long been proficient. In the history of China, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, the rise of infantry, the use of cavalry tactics in various countries  When equal emphasis was placed on infantry and infantry, a small number of cavalry appeared on the land of China, mixed with chariots and infantry, but at that time they were only an insignificant auxiliary force.

    It was not until the Warring States Period that cavalry appeared as an independent branch of arms. At that time, all major countries established cavalry units. Countries such as Qin and Zhao were all known as "a thousand chariots and ten thousand horses". The army gradually relied on infantry and chariots to fight.  Transform into a car and ride equally.

    The cavalry of the Warring States and Qin Dynasty were equipped with complete saddles, but no stirrups, which was very detrimental to horse fighting. Therefore, the main weapons of the cavalry at that time were bows and arrows, and their combat was mainly mounted shooting. A small amount of bronze swords and halberds were used in combat.  , and special horse armor appeared at that time. From the terracotta warriors and horses unearthed in later generations, it can be seen that the Qin army at that time had adopted a mixed formation of vehicles, infantry and cavalry. The pommel horse warriors mainly held bows, wore small hats, and wore tight-waisted and narrow-sleeved robes.  , wearing short armor and short leather boots, and dressed for riding and shooting.  During this period, there was also a discussion on the use of cavalry in the art of war.  "Sun Bin's Art of War" once said, "Danger means more cavalry."

    Entering the Han Dynasty, we ushered in the golden age of the development of Chinese cavalry. At that time, the relationship between the Han Dynasty and the Huns was that the Han Dynasty surrendered to the Huns, because the Han Dynasty had almost no victory over the Huns before Emperor Wu. The Han army once fought in the Battle of Baideng.  More than 400,000 troops were defeated in various battles, large and small. The Xiongnu generally used cavalry, while China had been fighting a civil war for hundreds of years before the Han Dynasty. All warring countries were involved in disputes, so infantry and chariots were used.  They have never fought against the Huns who were good at using cavalry. Furthermore, before this, China, including Europe, did not attach great importance to cavalry combat, because the metallurgical technology was backward, the equipment did not have weapons and armor suitable for cavalry, and the technology was backward and there was no suitable cavalry.  Because of the lack of saddles and stirrups, soldiers could not ride for long periods of time. Therefore, after the Zhou Dynasty, cavalry was gradually forgotten by the Central Plains countries and was mostly used for reconnaissance. However, the northern peoples headed by the Xiongnu had a great deal of experience in cavalry because they were born to make a living by herding.  With the improvement and utilization of the Huns, all the regular armies of the Huns at that time were basically cavalry, and the Huns were particularly powerful in cavalry shooting, basically killing them all with one arrow.

    However, in order to defeat the Xiongnu, the Han Empire rapidly expanded its cavalry out of the need to fight against the Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples. The talented Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the training of cavalry. Army combat changed from the previous emphasis on both chariots and cavalry to cavalry replacing chariots, and cavalry became the decisive factor in determining victory or defeat.  the power of.

    Since cavalry combat was the first large-scale use of cavalry in China, everything was still being explored. First of all, the saddle was born at the end of the Warring States Period, but without stirrups, soldiers still could not fight on horses for a long time. Later, Huo Qubing studied cavalry warfare and invented stirrups.  It ensured that the cavalry could fight on horseback for a long time, and the world's cavalry warfare has reached a new level. China was also the first country to invent the stirrup. Later, it was introduced to Europe through Genghis Khan's army's Western Expedition. Because the Xiongnu's strength lies in cavalry.  Shooting, their bows and arrows were very powerful, so the generals and craftsmen of the Han Dynasty improved the ancient crossbows and increased the range and number of shots, so that they could be fired three times or more. On the other hand, the long arrows used in the Qin Dynasty were remade  They found it and improved it, so that the range of the crossbow at that time was twice that of the previous one, far exceeding the range of the Huns' bows. In addition, the Huns aimed while pulling the bow hard on horseback, while the Han army aimed accurately after drawing the crossbow.  The rate was much higher than that of the Huns. In addition, the elite cavalry was vigorously trained to compete with the Huns' cavalry, so the Huns completely lost their advantage in cavalry and archery.

    "Historical Records" records: "Huo Qubing, the champion marquis who prostituted Yao and the captain of the school, was appointed as the general of the Hussars. He led ten thousand cavalry out of Longxi to attack the right side of the Xiongnu. He went through the five kingdoms, crossed the Yanzhi Mountain for thousands of miles, wiped out thousands of enemies, and beheaded King Lan and others.  King Luhou, accept the King of Xiutu and offer sacrifices to the Golden Man."

    The battle between the Han army and the Huns is just one sentence: use cavalry against cavalry, use fast against fast, and fight until you can't hide or have no time to hide.

    Due to Huo Qubing's continuous research on cavalry warfare, he created the first cavalry battle formation in human history. Since the Han Dynasty fought internally, it developed more infantry and chariot warfare. These tactics emphasized coordination, while cavalry tactics  Most of the time it involves frontal assaults, long-distance raids, strategic encirclement, and cutting off the enemy's rear route.etc., even the Huns, the ancestors of cavalry tactics, only have these, so the cavalry has no way to form a formation during battle, because if it is formed, it must not only keep the formation undisturbed when they meet again, but also maintain  It is impossible to charge with the superiority of cavalry. This can only reduce the excitement, impact and combat effectiveness of cavalry. Therefore, no one has developed a battle formation suitable for cavalry. However, at this time, the Han Hussar General Huo Qubing figured out a new tactic.  Car suspension.

    The chariot suspension is actually an enhanced version of the assault tactic, but it is much more domineering than the assault. It is not like a swarm of swarms like the assault. It pays more attention to the distance and cooperation between the cavalry. It is equivalent to a cavalry version of the cone formation. It is different.  The difference is that the width is larger and the depth is narrower.

    As Wei Qing and Huo Qubing continued to fight against the Xiongnu, it was difficult for the Xiongnu Empire to develop in the east, and it was divided into the Eastern Xiongnu and the Western Xiongnu. The Eastern Xiongnu defected to the Han Dynasty and joined the Han Dynasty to fight against the Western Xiongnu and gradually merged into the Han Dynasty.  Unable to find room for development in the east, they were forced to look for new space in the west. Because the Huns learned part of the Han Dynasty's cavalry combat methods, coupled with their own advantages, the Huns had to fight against the Roman Empire, Gaul, and Wang in the west.  Da, and other places with wealth mean massacre. When the Huns invaded Europe, Europeans generally regarded the Huns as barbarians. They used cavalry to drive many northern European peoples out of their lands one after another, and then attacked Rome, making Rome  The losses were heavy, so the Western Roman Empire had to declare its demise. Since the Huns were severely defeated by the Chinese in the east, the west suffered misfortune. Under the attacks of the Huns' cavalry again and again, the Western nations were in ruins. It can be seen that the cavalry in the west was not at all  The opponent of the Eastern Empire, at least at that time, was the invincible cavalry of the Han Dynasty.

    The most powerful cavalry in Chinese history is the Mongolian cavalry. The training of cavalry by the Mongols is undoubtedly extremely demanding. The reserve cavalrymen grew up on horses. They join the army at the age of fifteen and retire from the army at the age of seventy.  .

    "History of the Yuan Dynasty. Military System" records: "Anyone who is above fifteen and below seventy will serve as a soldier."

    The Mongolian horse is slightly smaller, but has excellent endurance and is adaptable to extensive breeding. It is a very excellent military horse.  The Mongolian cavalry has super mobility. A soldier often has more than six horses, which can be used in rotation and can often advance nearly 100 kilometers a day.  The Mongols are a nomadic people. Their people grew up in a bitterly cold land. They are extremely tolerant of harsh climates, have very low material requirements, and have combat effectiveness that is unmatched by ordinary farming peoples.

    Although Mongolian horses are smaller in size and not as fast and tall as Arabian and Aryan horses, Mongolian horses are highly adaptable, resistant to rough feeding, easy to gain weight, and have a long lifespan. They are very suitable for long-distance marches and operations without logistical support. These horses  Food can be found everywhere, and it can march 50 to 100 kilometers a day in grassland terrain, so it can be used all year round.  And an important point is that the Mongolian horse mare can produce 300 to 400 kilograms of milk during the lactation period, which has become an important food source for the Mongolian army who fights outside for a long time and does not need logistical support.

    Mongolians who have been riding and shooting for many years can draw strong bows. Mongolian bows are made of mixed wood and bone. They have strong penetrating power and a long range. Mongolians who can shoot accurately while maneuvering at high speeds,  It can also inflict great damage to the enemy in hand-to-hand combat.  Because Mongolians often bring their own weapons, in addition to arrows and sabers, soldiers also carry their favorite weapons such as spears, maces, nooses, etc.  In terms of protective gear, the Mongols mainly used leather armor, which was light and strong. Although it was not as protective as iron armor, it gave it greater mobility.

    The Mongolian cavalry has strong maneuverability and can usually mobilize enemy troops to fight in preset positions. Before entering the combat area, all Mongolian cavalry dismount and lead their horses to maintain power.  Get within two miles of the battlefield before mounting your horse and fighting.  During the battle, a small number of troops were left in the camp to take care of the horses. When the horses were tired, they could return to the camp to change horses and fight again.

    To deal with the European armies, the Mongols usually sent a few warriors to challenge the enemy's formation and lure the opponent to shoot arrows. After determining the effective range of the enemy's bow and arrow, the Mongolian cavalry surrounded the enemy's formation and attacked outside the range of the enemy's bow and arrow, using the Mongolian cavalry's bow and arrow.  The range of the cavalry is long, and the cavalry has the advantage of strong mobile strike ability to attack the enemy in turns.  When the enemy's formation breaks through due to casualties and fatigue, the Mongolian cavalry attacking around the formation can launch a fatal blow from any direction.

    The number of heavy infantry and heavy cavalry in Europe is not large, and their combat effectiveness is not superior to the Mongolian cavalry. Therefore, the Mongolian cavalry was able to kill nearly one-third of the European population with 20,000 cavalry expeditions.

    When Bodu returned to his country, he brought back the left ears of two thousand people.  Historians estimate that a leather bag could hold a hundred human ears, and that two thousand cartloads of human ears would represent about one-third of Europe's population.

    During a cavalry charge, swords can easily get stuck on human flesh or armor, so the Mongols are equipped with a special cavalry weapon called an iron rod.  But when fighting, the Mongolian cavalry mainly relied on the worldHe has first-class riding and archery skills, defeated the coalition armies of European countries with bows and arrows, and has been the ruler of Europe for nearly a hundred years.

    As a military force, the success of the Mongolian army relies on its flexibility, strict discipline, and obedience.  They have no superhuman technological superiority and no secret weapons.  All nomadic armies are naturally mobile, but none are as disciplined as Genghis Khan's army.

    Genghis Khan¡¯s precepts seem to be mainly about military discipline.  Surviving fragments from later generations show that penalties for disobedience were severe and that military units were jointly responsible for the actions of their individual members.

    The ability of commanders to effectively coordinate the movement of large corps on the battlefield is another clear testament to the Mongol military machine.  If an army fails to show up at the right time and in the right place, its commander is immediately punished, no matter what excuses are offered.

    It seems that no country except the Mongolian army has achieved this kind of strict discipline after the Han Dynasty.  The general consensus of history is that "the Han Dynasty was destroyed by force." As for the military success of the Han army, anyone who reads the records of Ju Yan's Han bamboo slips will know that there is no natural reason for their failure.

    The most famous example is Li Guang. The direct cause of Li Guang's personal tragedy was that he failed to appear at the designated time and at the correct location, so he must be severely punished.  No objective reason can be an excuse.  Although some historians are quite critical of the Han Dynasty, for example, they believe that Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were not famous generals, but regardless of the facts, the success of the Han army did not depend on any famous generals or geniuses.

    And seemingly simple things are often the most difficult to do.  For example, if the Song army could have such discipline, neither the Northern Song Dynasty nor the Southern Song Dynasty would be destroyed.  If the Naiman and Kele people had such discipline, it would be impossible for the Mongols to be the masters of the grassland.

    The Mongolian cavalry was undoubtedly a well-trained, disciplined, tactically flexible, intelligent and courageous, formidable whirlwind force in the Middle Ages.  This Mongolian cavalry broke free from the shackles of traditional European military thinking and established a magnificent empire unprecedented in the world.  They are physically strong and can adapt to the needs of battle. They can turn around and shoot the enemies following them when retreating quickly. They can endure hardship and harsh climate conditions and do not covet comfort and delicious food.  What cannot be ignored is the strict discipline system formed during the training process, which made them all obey orders and be rigorous. This kind of thing was unheard of in other armies in the Middle Ages.

    The establishment of this army should be attributed to the talented Temujin.  It was he who built a nation of many tribes into an invincible military organization. It was precisely because of his outstanding organizational and commanding skills that the leaders of the various Mongolian tribes respectfully called him Genghis Khan, which means extraordinary leader.

    The defeated enemies could never believe that they would be conquered by a nomadic tribe, so they always wrongly insisted that the Mongolian army was a group of powerful but undisciplined rabble, and that their victory depended entirely on their strength.  The advantages.  In fact, the secret of the Mongolian army's victory lies precisely in the fact that Genghis Khan had an unprecedentedly well-organized, well-trained and extremely disciplined army.

    The basis for the Mongolian army's combat victory is not quantity but quality.  In general, the Mongol army was smaller than the armies of its main adversaries.  The largest army Genghis Khan assembled was the one he used to conquer Persia, which numbered only 240,000.

    Later, the troops they used to conquer Russia and the entire Eastern and Central Europe never exceeded 150,000.  The simple and single organizational system is a distinctive feature of the Mongolian army.  The standard Mongolian field force consisted of 3 cavalry columns.  Each column has 10,000 cavalry, which is roughly equivalent to a cavalry division. Each cavalry column includes 10 cavalry companies, each company has 100 men, and each cavalry company includes 10 squads, each with 10 men.  All cavalry generally fight on horseback. Once the horses collapse, some soldiers have to stand behind the horses and shoot arrows under the cover of the cavalry troops.

    Genghis Khan and his fierce generals never followed the old-fashioned tactics. The most common combat method used by the Mongolian army was to arrange the troops into many roughly parallel columns under the cover of light cavalry, moving forward with a wide position line.  As the army advanced, messengers sent messages between the main units.  When the first column encounters the enemy's main force, the column will either stop advancing or retreat slightly according to the situation, while its responding troops will continue to advance and occupy the areas on the enemy's flanks and behind.  This often forces people to retreat to protect their lines of communication. The Mongolian army takes the opportunity to close in on the enemy and cause it to become chaotic as they retreat, and finally completely surrounds the enemy and completely annihilates them.  When a non-main enemy force is discovered, all nearby troops will attack with this target.  At this time, all information about the enemy's location, troop strength, and movement direction were quickly sent to the general headquarters, and then forwarded to the field units after evaluation.

    If the enemyIf there are too many, the commander closest to him will immediately lead his troops to fight.  If the enemy is too large to be eaten immediately, then the main force of the Mongolian army will quickly assemble behind the cavalry cover force, then advance at high speed, and defeat the enemy before they have time to gather their forces.  The standard Mongolian army battle formation is composed of 5 horizontal teams, each horizontal team is in a single row.  There is a wide distance between each row.  The first two lines are heavy cavalry, and the rest are light cavalry.  In front of these 5 horizontal lines.  There are also some light cavalry responsible for reconnaissance and cover.  When the troops of the opposing sides got closer, the three columns of light cavalry at the rear advanced through the gap between the first two columns of heavy cavalry. After carefully aiming, they projected destructive javelins and bows at the enemy.

    Then, while still maintaining an orderly formation, the first two heavier cavalry retreated backwards, and then the light cavalry retreated in turn.  No matter how solid the enemy's line is, it will be shaken by this pre-prepared attack of dense arrows.  Sometimes this attack alone can cause the enemy to disperse without the need for a sudden charge, then the light cavalry is ordered to retreat and the heavy cavalry initiates the charge.

    Orders are transmitted by signal flags and pennants during the day, and lights or firelights at night.  During the battle, the various cavalry units were close together.  But if the troops in the center are already engaged with the enemy, then the troops on the two wings will spread out to the flanks and move around the sides and back of the enemy.  When carrying out this kind of outflanking movement, smoke screens and dust are often used to confuse the enemy, or the cover of hillsides or valleys is used.  After completing the encirclement of the enemy, the various ministries launched attacks from all directions, causing chaos in the enemy's formation, and finally defeated the enemy.  The Mongols are good at using tactics and tactics in battle, which allows them to take the lead in battle, reducing their own losses and increasing the enemy's casualties.  For example, the Mongolian army often used smoke screens during combat.  They often send a small team to burn fires on the grasslands or in herdsmen's residential areas to confuse the enemy and conceal their combat intentions or actions.  The leader of the Mongolian army often sent a vanguard to fight the enemy for a long time, and then retreated to lure the enemy to follow.  The retreat could last several days, with the enemy finding themselves trapped in a Mongolian trap with no way out.

    The comprehensive and extensive intelligence system plays an important role in the Mongolian army's victory that cannot be underestimated.  The tactics adopted by the Mongolian army in each battle were carefully planned in advance.  The intelligence system is an important department involved in formulating combat plans.  The formulation of combat plans must first conduct careful research and analysis of complete and accurate intelligence.  The Mongolian military intelligence network spread across the Eurasian continent. Its organization was huge and its work was more sophisticated than any other country in the Middle Ages.

    Spies generally disguise themselves as businessmen and engage in intelligence activities.  Once the intelligence is analyzed and estimated, the route of the entire campaign is determined, and the routes and combat objectives of each cavalry column are designated. Lower-level commanders have certain command rights without violating the overall combat plan.

    The transmission of orders and the exchange of combat information are realized through the rapid and agile movement of troops between the combat headquarters and subordinate units with confidence. This ensures the unified municipality of command structures at all levels and enables Genghis Khan to personally command the largest range.  operations until the final victory of the war.

    The achievement of Genghis Khan and his successors was to establish a Mongolian army with bows, arrows and spears as the main weapons and cavalry as the main body.  This is an army that has undergone rigorous military training, has good discipline, and has an incomparable military system.  They shuttle back and forth to understand and make full use of the combat principles of surprise attack and flexible maneuvers, and at the same time adopt tactical means of outsmarting and profiting.  War practice has proven that this is indeed a formidable and invincible whirlwind force.  At that time, they could be said to be equivalent to the armored forces of later generations. They could move 100 kilometers a day and night, integrating firepower and mobility. They used bows and arrows at long distances, and once they rushed in, they became light cavalry. This kind of ability is not comparable to that of ordinary troops.  Therefore, their record is the most glorious in history.

    The reason why the Mongolian cavalry is invincible is not because of their swords and guns, but because of their bows and arrows.  The Mongols had the longest-range and most lethal combined bow at the time, which, combined with the mobility of the Mongolian cavalry, allowed the Mongols to travel across Europe and Asia without anyone stopping them.

    The Mongols were extremely good at what the ancient Romans called the "Parthian Archery", in which the mounted archer shoots arrows at the enemy in the rear while escaping.  The essence of this tactic is to attack the enemy from a long distance, attack the enemy continuously, and not give the enemy a chance to fight back.  No matter how strong the enemy's spirit and armor are under such an attack, it is only a matter of time before it completely collapses.

    At that time, most European knights were equipped with heavy helmets and heavy armor. Although they were very powerful in close combat, their maneuverability was not comparable to that of the Mongolian cavalry.  If you encounter a Mongolian cavalry archer, you will not only be unable to catch up, but you will also be unable to escape. You will only be used as a target.  Moreover, the Mongolian cavalry did not rely entirely on force attacks like the European knights. They only had to kill most of the enemy with bows and arrows before engaging the enemy in close combat.

      The Mongolian cavalry relied on this method of warfare to defeat Europe's most elite 100,000 Hungarian army on the banks of the Danube. They killed more than 70,000 enemies and played a song "Red Danube" with bows and arrows, almost completely wiping out European resistance.  strength.

    In fact, the cavalry of the Mongolian army was unable to defeat the European heavy armored cavalry one-on-one at any time. The spears and heavy swords of the European heavy armored cavalry were much more lethal than the sabers, spears or maces in the hands of the Mongolian cavalry.  European cavalry horses are also much taller than Mongolian horses.  However, the strategies and tactics of the Mongolian cavalry are far inferior to those of the European cavalry.

    The battles of European armies, no matter how large the army, are fought on small battlefields.  Moreover, the European army has a customary chivalry style and believes in upright one-on-one battles. When they met the Mongolian army, which could use a hundred miles as a battlefield and was accustomed to roundabouts, they indeed encountered a helpless situation.  Imaginary War During the Mongols' Western Expedition, when a large force encountered the enemy head-on, the Mongolian cavalry would quickly form a tactical team and launch a frontal attack.  The tactical formation is usually about five horizontal lines, each of which is a single column.  The lines are separated by a wide distance.  This creates a wide front that is far larger than the opponent.  The first two lines are heavy cavalry, and the rest are light cavalry.  In addition, there are a large number of wandering riders doing seemingly meaningless sports.

    After the armies of both sides approach, the light cavalry of the Mongolian army will suddenly rush out from the huge gap in the front row of heavy cavalry at an extremely high speed, throwing spears and poisonous arrows learned from the Central Plains at the enemies in the west.  After several volleys, the heavy cavalry retreated quickly, followed by the light cavalry and returned to their original positions.  Whether it is an infantry phalanx or a cavalry phalanx, the Western troops under attack will find it difficult to fight back quickly at this time. They must maintain a tight formation and advance forward, otherwise they will not be able to use their advantages to kill the Mongolian soldiers.

    Usually, only one or two such attacks by the Mongolian cavalry will shake the enemy's morale and cause chaos in their formation.  This repeated attack on the Mongolian soldiers can be carried out day and night, because the teams are far apart and do not need to be too strict. The formation of the Mongolian soldiers can easily be rearranged after they are far away from the enemy.  Once the enemy's army is in chaos and their morale is shaken and begins to retreat, the wide Mongolian cavalry formation will quickly turn into an outflanking formation to kill the enemy at close range.

    When the Mongolian army's cavalry advanced rapidly and deeply, they encountered a strong enemy castle. Usually only a small number of troops were left to monitor and wait for the follow-up attack engineers. The large troops continued to advance at a high speed, making it impossible for the enemies in the rear to prepare for war.

    "Black Tartar Story" has a detailed description of the Mongolian cavalry: For riding and shooting, when they were children, they would be tied with a rope and tied to the horse, and they would go in and out with their mother; when they were three years old, they would have a saddle for shooting.  , galloping with the crowd; four or five years old, armed with a small bow and a short arrow; and as long as he is engaged in hunting in the field at all times, he will stand up rather than sit down, so the strength is on the hocks, and one or two on the thighs.  It's as fast as a thunderstorm, as powerful as the pressure of a mountain, and it turns left and right, like flying wings.  Therefore, he can look to the left and shoot to the right, without holding on to Mo Qiu.

    ????????????????????The footstep is wide and the waist is squatting, so it can be powerful and pierce.

    The army is composed of people who are fifteen years old or above. They have knights but no infantry. They are called one of two or three cavalry or six or seven cavalry (Hundou).  Chief Wu and Jiannu formed a group of doves and stayed at the right and left of the general. They were called the Badulu Army. They attacked the Jurchen countries in the west of Hexi, drove them in and attacked their cities.

    His weapons include willow-leaf armor, ring-shaped armor, sheep-horn bows, rattling arrows, camel bone arrows, and needles. The scraped wood is used as a thorn, and the falling peng is used as feathers. There is a ring knife, which is as effective as ever, light and sharp, and a target.  They are small and thin, so they are easy to transport; there are long and short spears, and the blades are like chisels, so they are not slippery and can be worn with heavy clothes; there are anti-tags made of leather sash, otherwise they are made of willow, thirty inches wide, and long  It is twice as wide as half as wide; there is the tuanpai, which is carried by the forward arm and dismounted from the horse to shoot, specially used to defeat the enemy; there is the iron tuanpai, which is used to replace the harpoon, so that it can be turned into the formation; there is the kidnapping wooden pavilion, which is used for  A tool for siege and avoid artillery.  Every day, there is a flag at the head of the chief, just one flag. It is always rolled up and often rolled up. Whenever there is a supervising battle, it will be rolled up when it is relaxed.  When attacking the city, there are cannons, and the cannons have sheds, and the sheds have ropes to cover the ropes. Xiangda Fengxiang focuses on attacking one corner of the city, trying to erect four hundred towers, and other equipment.  Among his special skills, bow and arrow are the first, followed by ring sword.

    The food for the army consists of sheep and horses.  For horse colostrum, listen to the foal's food during the day, collect it at night, store it in a leather container, and store it in a hole until it is slightly sour before you can drink it.  If you invade another territory, you must loot it. This is what Sun Wuzi said: "Food is given to the enemy."  When marching, they are often afraid of being ambushed.  Even if the army is on the side, it is necessary to send out the best cavalry first, disperse in all directions, climb high and look into the distance, and send out sentries for one or two hundred miles deep to cover the residents and travellers.  There is a place to fight, a place to camp, a certain enemy's army, and a certain place of food and fodder. They are all responsible for identifying sentry horses and reporting back.  If the general army and horses are gathering together, the pipa will be burned first, and then one person will be chosen to rule the tribes.

    The camp must be in Gaofu, and the general's tent must be stationed toward the southeast, with cavalry in front, and those who use the Tatar word "to drop off" are divided into police groups.  The troops and horses of the tribes on the left and right sides of the tent and behind the tent all returned to their heads and camped on mats.  The camp is expensive and divided, and the order must be spread out.Just cut the grass.  Two horses were left in the camp, and their saddles were left unsaddled at night to prevent unexpected events. The name of the camp leader was the night whistle. If one camp had a policeman, the other camp would prepare horses for pursuit.  The rest remained motionless.  However, the camp of the sentinel horse is different from this. The main one is in the middle, and the surrounding soldiers are called the watch, and the wooden carvings are used to replace the Ye Luo.  In the Yima camp, if there is no running around and the camp is still in the dark, the fire is called "fire shop".  At night, they move to a place where no one can see them to prevent night disasters, while the fire store remains at the original camp and does not move until dawn.  Its formation is advantageous in field battles, but it will not advance if it does not gain any advantage.  Know the enemy's strength and weakness from movement to movement; if a hundred cavalry remain unstoppable, they can ward off thousands of people; when a thousand cavalry are divided, they can cover hundreds of li; to advance the enemy's position, it is all through the vanguard; when the enemy takes the lead, this is the case in three out of ten cases.  Whenever you encounter the enemy's formation, you should do it in groups of three, three, five, five, four, and five, never cluster together, and be surrounded by the enemy.  The pace should be straight and the riding should be divided.  The enemy is also divided, and the enemy is united. Therefore, the enemy rides suddenly, whether far or near, more or less, gathering or scattering, going out or disappearing. They come like falling from the sky and go away like thunder. This is called "crow".  Soldiers spread out in star formation." When they join and divide, they look at where the horse is heading; when they divide and join, they listen to Gugui's voice as their own signal.  From near to far, it is a thousand miles.  Their night gathering.  Then look at the smoke and know what you are fighting for.  If it is extremely cold and there is no snow, then grind stones and pray to the sky.

    To defeat the enemy, you need to climb high and look into the distance, first assess the terrain, detect the enemy's situation, and take advantage of the chaos.  Therefore, at the beginning of a battle, the cavalry should lightly break into the enemy's formation and only move at the first charge. Then, regardless of the number of people, they should drive straight in.  Even if there are hundreds of thousands of enemies, they can't stop them.  If they don't move, the front team will cross, and the second team will charge again.  If you can't get in again, the rear team will do the same.  When Fang Qi rushes to the enemy, it is to delay the moment and prepare the troops to the left, right and rear.  When the four armies are united, the last one to arrive will make a sound, and all directions will respond with force, and they will collide at once.  In addition to this plan, you can also dismount and shoot with a ball in your arm.  If you hit dysprosium in one step, both sides will collapse. If it collapses, there will be chaos. From chaos, you will enter quickly.  If Dy sees it, he will ride on his horse and step behind, then he will stand behind and gallop to meet the enemy.  If the enemy has a strong wall and cannot hit it by any means, he will have to drive cattle and livestock or use whips to breed horses to stir up the ground. The enemy's position is rarely invincible.  The enemy may line up with halberds outside, and the horses will stop him from rushing forward. Then he will ride around with sparse sentry posts and fire an arrow every now and then to make the enemy work.  If the stalemate lasts for a long time, they will go on hunger strike or lack of salary. If they cannot stand still, they will march to force the enemy.  Or the enemy's formation has moved, so do not attack suddenly, wait until they are tired, and then rush in; wait until their soldiers are outnumbered, then first scatter them with earth, and then drag them with wood, so that the dust will rise to the sky and the earth, and the suspected soldiers will always be defeated; if they are not defeated, then they will be defeated.  If it rushes, it will be broken.  Maybe they drive down the prisoners and let them lose the battle, take advantage of the enemy's exhaustion, and attack with their best troops; maybe they just fight, pretend to go north, and abandon the baggage, so they throw yellow and white. The enemy may say that the city is defeated, and they keep chasing north, charging into ambush.  Riding, often nothing.  Or because of defeat, you can use clever tricks to win. It just depends on the other side and this horizontal line. There are things that are not mentioned in ancient methods.  If it wins, the enemy will be attacked and killed, and there will be no room for complacency.  If they are defeated, they will scatter in all directions and cannot be pursued.  "

    Generally speaking, the characteristics of the Mongolian cavalry are that they are highly skilled, hard-working, and highly disciplined. They are good at running long distances in combat, can reasonably combine terrain elements, and seize the best opportunities. They have almost all the advantages of the cavalry.

    This is also the reason why Du Rui has always admired the tactics of later generations of Mongolian cavalry. When he was still a white man, Du Rui used the reorganized Flying Tiger Army as his experimental field, and the tactics he instilled in him were later  It is the tactics of the Mongolian cavalry.

    The first time Du Rui used it was during the Western Expedition to Gaochang. At that time, he led the fledgling Flying Tiger Army and rushed through thousands of miles of sand moraine. Suddenly he appeared under the city of Gaochang and shocked Ju Wentai to death.

    Later, whether it was the destruction of Tuyuhun, the conquest of the Khitans, the annihilation of the three Koreans, the annihilation of Tibet, or the previous series of battles with Ibrahi Muhammad, Du Rui used the tactics of later Mongolian cavalry like fire and pure  green.

    It can be said that the tactics Du Rui plagiarized from later Mongolian cavalry have already been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. The same is true for Du Xuewen and Xue Ne at this moment. Du learned literature from Du Rui and naturally inherited Du Rui's mantle. This kind of cavalry's attack tactics can be said to be  It has penetrated into his blood.

    From the Port of Suez to the Port of Alexandria, which is a full two thousand miles away, Du Xuewen completed this urgent march in just seven days.

    Almost at the same time that Du Xuewen arrived in Alexandria, Hamadry, who was far away in Cairo, received the news.

    "There is a Tang army landing at Suez Port!?"

    Hamadry was shocked when he heard the news. He jumped up, stepped forward quickly, grabbed the lapel of the defeated soldier who had escaped from Suez Port, and shouted sternly: "How is it possible? Aren't the Tang people in Tours? Aren't they going to  Marching into Syria? Why did you suddenly appear in Suez Port! And where is my brother? Where is Hasal? Where is he!?"

    The defeated soldier who reported the news did not dare to hide it and sobbed: "General Hasal, he~~~~~~~~he~~~~~~has returned to the embrace of God!"

    Hasal is dead!

    Hamadri was completely shocked when he heard this. His own brother, whom he knew best, was as brave as him on the battlefield. When Muawiyah conquered Egypt, Hassar was the first to land in the battle to capture Cairo.  On the city wall, no fewer than a hundred Byzantines died at his hands.

    "How could Hasal die? The Tang Dynasty attacked Port Suez."??Why don't you come to report? There are two thousand of you. No matter how powerful the Tang people are, you can at least resist for a few days!  "

    The defeated soldiers said with a sad face: "General! It's not that we don't want to report the news, it's just that the Tang people are so powerful. It only took them less than a quarter of an hour to capture the port!"

    "What!?"

    "Nonsense!"

    "How can a warrior of Allah be so unwilling to fight!"

    "You're lying, you coward, I'm going to kill you!"

    A group of Arab generals in the city lord's palace started shouting, and some even put their hands on the handles of their swords. If the defeated soldier didn't give them an explanation, his head would be dismembered.

    The defeated soldiers were shocked when they saw this, and hurriedly said: "I'm not lying, it's all true. The Tang people have the ability to control thunder, lightning and flames. Their warships spit out bursts of white smoke, and a fire broke out at the port immediately.  Also accompanied by the bombardment of thunder and lightning, we have no way to fight back!"

    "fart!"

    "Nonsense!"

    "You are making excuses for your cowardice!"

    "The great Allah is the only God. How could the Tang people control thunder, lightning and fire? You are simply lying!"

    "I~~~~~I'm not lying, everything I said is true. General Hasar was hit by a meteor and died in battle!" The defeated soldier saw a group of vicious generals surrounding him.  , quickly explained loudly.

    "Stop it!" Hamadry also calmed down at this moment. He knew that the defeated soldiers were not lying, but the Tang army did not really know how to control thunder, lightning and flames. It must be a new weapon invented by the Tang people. It must be like this.

    At this moment, a large food soldier hurriedly ran in and said loudly with a frightened face: "Master General! Someone came to report that the Tang Dynasty appeared next to their village and town a few days ago and was heading north!  "

    North!

    Hamadry was stunned for a moment, and quickly realized what he was doing. He fell to the ground in a daze, and struggled to spit out a word - Alexandria!
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