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- After Menes unified Upper and Lower Egypt, Alexander the Great occupied Egypt in 332 BC, and the Greek Ptolemaic dynasty subsequently ruled Egypt.
???????????After about 32 dynasties, in 30 BC, Egypt fell into the hands of the powerful Roman Empire, and Cleopatra became the last pharaoh ruler of Egypt.
At this point, the Pharaonic dynasty of Egypt has actually been wiped out.
According to the needs of archaeology, this long history from about 3100 BC to 30 BC is subdivided into several periods, each period including several dynasties.
Many modern scholars believe that the most important of them is the Old Kingdom period, that is, the Pyramid Age from the Third Dynasty to the Sixth Dynasty, about the period from 2686 BC to 2181 BC.
According to Dr. Edwards¡¯ theory, this was the most glorious pyramid age, especially when the construction of the pyramids reached its peak in the Fourth Dynasty.
King Menes established a new capital in Memphis. Memphis is nestled among the dense palm trees on the west bank of the Nile River in the upper part of the delta, close to the border of Upper and Lower Egypt, and has important political and symbolic significance.
Later, during the New Kingdom, that is, around 1450 BC, the unified Egypt moved its capital to Thebes in Upper Egypt. However, Memphis remained prosperous until the 2nd century AD.
It is a pity that nothing remains of this once great city. Where palaces and temples once stood, there are now only herds of donkeys and cows grazing under date palm trees.
If there are sufficient funds. The site should be excavated in a planned manner, and unfortunately there is currently little archaeological knowledge about this ancient metropolis. Still pitiful.
The ancient public cemetery of Saqqara is located a few kilometers west of Memphis. It is an important king's cemetery in Egyptian history. There are the famous Step Pyramid of Djoser and several smaller pyramids, as well as the pyramid of Unas, the last pharaoh of Egypt's Fifth Dynasty.
Saqqara may have been named after Sokar Andrus, the falcon-headed god who guarded the cemetery. There are many other tombs in Saqqara, and many of the tomb walls are extremely beautifully decorated, depicting scenes of people's daily life when the pyramids were built.
Another exciting discovery in this cemetery is the recent discovery of a tomb of a general from the time of Ra-Moses II north of Saqqara. Unfortunately. These tombs, like the pyramids, are suffering from tourism.
??To prevent the situation from getting worse, they all urgently need to be protected.
About 20 miles north of Memphis. On the other side of the river is the legendary sanctuary of Yunu. It was later called Heliopolis by the Greeks.
This is where the priests live. These priests are the Magi, the Illuminators, or the guardians of the Temple of the Sun God. They use these identities to have a huge influence on the formulation of the kingdom's religious policies.
Among them, the influence of the Magi continued until the Ptolemaic period. The Greek historian Herodotus once mentioned the Magi with great respect.
Heliopolis is now a suburb of Greater Cairo. A scene of prosperity. However, all the past glory remains, and all that remains are the obelisk of Pharaoh Sesostris I and a few incomplete temple pillars from the 12th Dynasty, around 1940 BC.
The Obelisk of Sesostris stands there helplessly like a stone finger pointing to the sky. It is just one of many obelisks that once stood in Heliopolis.
The powerful Thutmose III dynasty built two obelisks. Around 12 BC, the Romans moved these obelisks to Alexandria and placed them in front of the Temple of Caesar built specifically for the ancient Roman emperor Augustus Caesar.
Neither Thutmose nor the Romans would have thought of it. Thousands of years later, this obelisk will leave Egypt together: one will arrive on the banks of the Thames in London, England. The other is in Central Park outside the Museum of Fine Arts in New York City.
Although they are called "Cleopatra's Obelisks", they have nothing to do with the queen.
The Giza Plateau, located on the edge of the desert, is called the Mokaton terrain by Egyptologists. It is not far up the Nile River from Heliopolis.
Today, the growing expansion of Greater Cairo has almost submerged Giza, home to one of the world's most famous three pyramids. This is the last wonder of the world and reflects the former glory of the kings who built these pyramids.
They were the three pharaohs of the Fourth Dynasty who were known to the Greeks as Cheops, Zephrin, and Mysirielaus. 4 Giza also has the remains of a very small satellite pyramid, and a row of small, gentle cemeteries, churches, and temples.
certainly,and the mythical Sphinx.
The Pyramids of Giza stimulate the nerves of generations. Every time people hear the word "pyramid", they will definitely think of the Pyramids of Giza.
However, few tourists know that Cheops¡¯ father also built two great pyramids in Dahshur, 20 kilometers south of Giza. The ruins of Dahshur are now under military control and visitors are prohibited from entering.
On the 20-kilometer-long distance from Dahshur to Giza, there are the pyramid ruins of Saqqara, Abusir and Zawayet Aryan.
About 6 kilometers northwest of Giza is the deserted Abruweis site. The third generation king of the Fourth Dynasty of ancient Egypt built a pyramid here, and now only the base of the pyramid remains.
The Maidom ruins are 65 kilometers south of Saqqara. Although the Memphis site covers an area of ??30 kilometers long and 4 kilometers wide, it is generally believed that it is not a single entity with the Maidom site.
About 17 kilometers north of Giza, at almost the same latitude as Heliopolis, there is another important place, the ancient city of Kham, later known as Letopolis.
There is a temple in this delta city that is older than the pyramids and has a close relationship with the falcon god Horus.
When the construction of the pyramids began, there was no obelisk in Heliopolis. There is only one original sacred pillar. Apparently, this is where the ancient city¡¯s name, Yunu, comes from.
At that time, Cairo did not exist. The religious center of the country was Heliopolis. A temple stands here dedicated to Atum, the father of the gods, who merged with the sun god.
During the Pyramid Age, people increasingly believed that Atum was the sun god, the incarnation of the sun descending to the west; and the sun god Ra usurped Atum's position, reducing him to the "ancient" sun.
In fact, long before the pyramids, Atum represented God the Father in people's minds. He symbolizes the driving force that created everything in the world.
As a holy place, Heliopolis has an important sacred hill, which is the place where the sun first rises. There is a sacred pillar erected on the holy hill. It is thought to have existed before the age of the pyramids.
When the Pyramid Age began, another more sacred monument took its place, and it is possible that it was placed on top of this sacred pillar. This is Ben Ben Stone.
This mysterious cone-shaped stone. Considered to be the origin of the universe, there is certainly a reason for this. The Benben stone is placed in the Temple of the Immortal Bird and is the legendary symbol of rebirth, resurrection and the cosmic bird that travels day and night.
In ancient Egyptian art, the immortal bird is usually depicted as a gray heron, probably because herons like to migrate. It is said that once the Immortal Bird returns to Heliopolis, it marks the completion of the day and night cycle and the birth of a new era.
The first time it came back, it seemed that it aroused people's worship of Ben Ben Stone. The Ben Ben Stone is regarded as the divine seed of this generous cosmic bird.
This idea obviously comes from the root word "±¾" or "±¾±¾", which means "essence". but. Long before Herodotus visited Egypt, after giving its name to the stone on the highest point, the pyramids and the pyramid at the top of the obelisk, the mysterious Benben stone disappeared.
So, what exactly is Ben Ben Stone, and what happened to it later? Apparently the Benben Stone was an important royal cult center when the pyramids were later built.
It has been said that during the Pyramid Age, the holy city of Heliopolis was in the hands of powerful priests. There is no doubt that the pyramids were designed and built under their guidance.
Today, many people and even some scholars still misunderstand the word priest. The saints in Heliopolis were likely to have received advanced training. They were familiar with religious thought, proficient in celestial research, and loved architectural art. They may also have mastered the hieroglyphics invented by the Egyptians for priests to write.
It goes without saying that the priests of Heliopolis must be fully aware of the mysterious star religion alluded to here.
Egyptologists believe that Heliopolis opened up a new space for religious worship in the country. Because each place has its local gods, and they all know that the religion of Heliopolis is composed of a group of nine gods, a large family ruled by Atum-Ra.
Atum, or Atum-Ra, created Shu, the god of air, and Tefnut, the goddess of moisture. The couple Shu and Tefnut also created Geb, the god of earth, and Nut, the goddess of sky.
But when Geb and Nut were united, Shu, the father, came like air between them and raised the canopy from the earth, separating the two lovers and interrupting their mating.
Despite this, the sky goddess Nut still gave birth to four humanoid gods living on the earth: the two male gods Osiris and Seth.??Two sisters Isis and Naphises.
Among them, after Osiris and Isis combined, they became the first couple of gods to rule Egypt, and they also became the greatest myth and legend of ancient Egypt. Isis used the seed of Osiris to give birth to her only son Horus. Osiris and his "incarnation" are often regarded as immortal birds.
The Benben stone symbolizes his seed and the reproductive power that created Horus from the womb of Isis.
The focus that will be covered is the last 5 humanoid gods. Osiris is the top priority. Not only is he regarded as the first god-king of Egypt, but his tragic death and miraculous resurrection are both mysteries of ancient Egypt. It is also the root and foundation of rebirth worship.
The ancient Egyptians had religious beliefs, especially the belief that everyone would have an afterlife in a certain heaven in Egypt.
They believe that to help the deceased ascend to heaven in the afterlife, the most important thing is to make every effort to preserve their bodies, and to provide them with conveniences and items to make the arduous journey to eternity.
This is compared to some materialistic countries and neighbors who only believe in money. So what?
A sense of fear or awe is very necessary in a certain country in a certain time and space. After a cultural catastrophe, most people lack this sense of fear: I am number one in the world, and I can do whatever I want.
If the popularization of knowledge brings arrogance and arrogance, then it is better to kneel at the feet of God. At least the latter still has some moral bottom line.
???????????? In ancient legendary knowledge, in predynastic times, the dead were buried like this: a simple pit was dug in the desert. The body is placed on one of its sides in a meditative posture to prepare it for resurrection in the afterlife.
In the dry environment of Egypt¡¯s western desert, it is possible to occasionally produce natural mummies. Similar to the mummies seen in deserts in some countries today.
However. The body is easily exposed and defiled by jackals and wild dogs, and it is easy for tomb robbers to find the tomb and steal the precious burial objects.
During the First Dynasty, when building tombs, the Egyptians began to use mud bricks and stones. This covers the burial pit. to protect the body. This is a well-known rectangular flat-topped slope tomb in ancient Egypt.
This type of tomb continued into the Ancient Dynasty and until the end of the Second Dynasty.
In the Memphis area, such mausoleums are dotted all over the place. Some kings were buried there, but later, their use was monopolized by the nobility. The deceased king even had a magnificent "eternal Yan Palace".
This kind of flat-topped slope mausoleum is built of rock and mud bricks and is said to be more exquisite than the residence of the deceased when he was alive. Dr. Edwards believes the reasons for this have religious implications.
In a country where high-quality stones were readily available, rulers were content to live in buildings of worse quality than mausoleums. This seems strange.
However, the ancient Egyptians had a different view: house or palace. The number of years of continuous use was short, but his tomb, what he called his "eternal castle," could be designed to last forever.
The so-called step pyramid appeared in the Third Dynasty. However, they are not yet true pyramids in a geometric sense, and it may be more accurate to regard them as stepped tombs.
Among these towers, the largest one preserved is the Pyramid of King Djoser in Saqqara. Not only is it the largest tower of its kind, it is also the first known masonry building.
¡°Moreover, the stones used are not simply piled rough, but must be carefully ground. This was thanks to a priest named Imhotep, a talented architect and Djoser's chancellor.
The Greeks considered him comparable to Asclepius, the god of healing. Later, Imhotep was deified as the greatest saint. He is the high priest of Yunu and the chief astronomer or chief astrologer of Yunu, known as the "chief observer."
King Djoser¡¯s stepped pyramid is solemn and solemn, with a height of 60 meters and a rectangular base. In addition to the burial chamber of King Djoser, there are also rooms for his family in the pyramid. The shape of the pagoda temple seems to be a symbol of a ladder, and the six steps leading to the seventh platform may be related to the planet orbiting the earth.
The idea that after death, the soul must be consistent with the ascending ladder is common in mythology. William Lebby's book Architecture, Mystery and Mythology illustrates this point well.
When the book mentions Nebuchadnezzar, the ancient Babylonian king who built the Hanging Gardens, and the temple of Borsipeta restored by him, Lebbi translated Nebuchadnezzar's inscription as follows:
¡°I have repaired and perfected the wonders of Borsippe, the Seven Great Temples of the World. I have erected the temple with bricks, I have painted it with copper powder, and I have staggered it in different sections with marble and other precious stones.Cover the temple. "
In the later pages of the book, when writing about the stepped ruins in Egypt, Lebi mentioned that there are similar buildings in Assyria, China, and Mexico.
Gaston Marble and Perrout agreed with a Greek writer's description that the Great Pyramid was decorated in the colors of the sites, with the tops being gilded. It seems more than a coincidence that the pyramids of the first four dynasties all had steps.
The Pyramid of Saqqara has six steps, gradually decreasing in height from 38 feet at the bottom to 29 feet at the top, very similar to the Tower Temple of Babel.
Mr. Petrie discovered that before the use of outer stones, the pyramid of Maidom had 7 steps, "building a pyramid to serve the king's future."
??In this way, the stepped ruins of King Djoser are more than just the tomb of a powerful king. As a symbol of Egyptian religion, it stands proudly among the tombs of several generations in Saqqara, expressing the religious beliefs of the Egyptians and embodying a high artistic level.
Looking at Memphis and the surrounding areas of the Nile Valley, the tomb of King Djoser constantly reminds us: Man, the purpose of your existence on earth is to prepare for the afterlife!
After Imhotep achieved results at Saqqara, he built several step pyramids one after another. Among them, the most famous is Maidom, located about 45 kilometers south of Saqqara.
It is said that it was finally built and completed during the reign of Huni, the successor of King Djoser. We know absolutely nothing about Huni himself. In short, the Step Pyramid was built by the famous kings of the Fourth Dynasty.
They built pyramids in the true sense, including the majestic Pyramid of Dahshur and the world-famous three pyramids of Giza.
Although Imhotep did not see the construction of these pyramids, it is conceivable that he already had a plan in mind.
In fact, many people don¡¯t know that there are similar pyramid buildings in China, such as the pyramid in Xianyang. From a structural point of view, the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is a large-scale pyramid building, although it has never been called this name. (To be continued.) - Didn't finish reading? Add this book to your favoritesI'm a member and bookmarked this chapterCopy the address of this book and recommend it to your friends for pointsChapter error? Click here to report
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