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Text Chapter 845 External Supervision Council

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    ps: This chapter is quite interesting, please give me your final recommendation vote.

    By the way, I would like to recommend Chang Huanhua¡¯s new book "Super Ambiguous Master"

    Lu Bu clearly saw from the decline of the Eastern Han Dynasty that the excessive and unrestricted power of the lower bureaucracy was the root cause of the loss of royal dignity and the people's dire livelihood. Among the three forces of the emperor, bureaucracy, and the people, if the power of the bureaucratic group was too strong, it would not be the power of the emperor or the people.  Happiness, let alone the happiness of the entire country, is most typical of the Eastern Han and Ming Dynasties. Lu Bu did not want to make the same mistakes as Emperor Chongzhen.

    Therefore, at the beginning of the founding of the country, when his reputation was at its peak, Lu Bu reorganized the political institutions. The purpose of the reorganization was to divide the power of senior officials below and to supervise the exercise of power of the bureaucracy.

    In Lu Bu's view, the concentration of military and political power is a major motivation for subordinates to fail in their achievements and even plot to rebel and usurp the country. Lu Bu separated the military and political affairs and established the Military Affairs Council to deal with military affairs and the Government Affairs Council to deal with civil affairs in order to divide the work of senior bureaucrats below.  Power, except for himself, he does not want any of his subordinates to become powerful officials like Cao Cao, Sima Yi, and Yuan Shikai in history who can grasp military and political power.

    Lu Bu restructured the Censorship Office into the Independent Commission Against Corruption. The Independent Commission Against Corruption reported directly to Emperor Lu Bu, bypassing the bureaucrats of the Government Affairs Council, making the anti-corruption campaign more precise and more powerful. This was also a major setup by Lu Bu to curb the power of the bureaucracy.

    Lu Bu elevated the General Administration of State Security to a central-level agency. In addition to expressing his emphasis on national security and intelligence work, he also used the three major agencies under the General Administration of Security for his own purposes of spying on bureaucratic secrets and monitoring them.  The names of the three major agencies were changed from the Military Intelligence Division, the Central Intelligence Division, and the Dark Fragrance Division to the Department of Military Intelligence, the Department of Central Intelligence, and the Department of the Interior. Their full names are the Department of Military Intelligence, the Department of Central Intelligence, and the Department of Internal Affairs. They comprehensively cover all corners of the external and internal affairs.  For intelligence purposes, especially the intelligence surveillance of bureaucrats, these three agencies have arrest powers.  Once we get conclusive evidence that the other party is detrimental to the country and has seriously violated the Greater China Charter, we will arrest him immediately. Those with integrity issues will be handed over to the Independent Commission Against Corruption. If there is no integrity but national security is compromised, we will hand it over to Tingwei. The three major agencies have no interrogation power.  Lu Bu wanted to use it as Jinyiwei, Dongchang, and Xichang.  But he didn't want them to have the unstoppable power of Jinyiwei, Dongchang, and Xichang.

    Lu Bu set up the Tongtian Sect's temple, the Tongtian Tower, and continued to promote the faith among the people across the country, especially among the bureaucrats, just to be wary that these bureaucrats only had Confucian political beliefs but no spiritual beliefs and would degenerate like some later bureaucrats.

    Lu Bu even more qingchu: The root cause of the cancer that often breaks out in this country is the official system, and the root of the official system is the vertical appointment system. When every official only needs to be responsible to his boss, there will be buying and selling of officials, corruption, and moral decay.  It is inevitable.

    ??Centralization of power and the vertical appointment system have resulted in too many bureaucracies, many agencies, large stalls, too many officials, and overcrowding.  First of all, the above institutions are too bloated, and then they have to set up corresponding institutions.  Whatever institutions the central government has, there are institutions in the provinces and counties. Even in townships and towns, the hierarchy is as rough as the top. In the end, there were seven stations and eight offices. From the seven or eight people at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, sixty years later, a township or town bureaucracy reached  There are more than two to three hundred people, all of which are disadvantages brought about by the system.  Some city deputy secretaries-general are more than ten years old.  There are more than a dozen assistants, and the ratio of food and finance to the public is increased.  It has greatly increased the burden on the people.

    ¡°For thousands of years, a small number of people have chosen cadres in a small group of people. Because the superiors have assigned officials to the subordinates, mistakes have been made in the selection of officials. Officials are only responsible to the superiors and not to the subordinates.  Whoever is given the black hat is responsible; excessive pursuit of short-term actions without long-term plans; it is difficult to judge merit by political performance, many officials are formalistic, show off but do not do anything, forming a performance project.  Please the leaders, wait for promotion, and do not pay attention to people's livelihood projects, resulting in the burden of one term's political performance.

    Instead of implementing decentralization and checks and balances, the power structure is too centralized, with a few people having the final say and individuals having the final say. This has led officials to pursue personal vested interests, focus on control and approval, and despise public services and people's livelihood projects, seriously deteriorating the economy.  The development environment is a major institutional reason for slow economic development.

    After appointing officials, the next step is the issue of control and supervision.  The official-based system leads to a too weak mechanism for managing officials, emphasizing authorization but neglecting supervision, emphasizing centralization but neglecting decentralization. Finally, it leads to virtual supervision and soft supervision. There is only supervision within the system, but no supervision outside the system, and there is a lack of other political groups.  There are also many forbidden areas in news supervision. This kind of supervision within the system makes it impossible to sharpen one's own handle, and corruption problems are difficult to cure. This is the reason.

    Lu Bu believes that internal anti-corruption must be set up and must be coordinated with external anti-corruption. In order for internal anti-corruption not to become a tool for some powerful people to fight for power, external supervision must be introduced and all grassroots people must be mobilized to keep an eye on those officials.  , supervise their every word and action, and let power operate under the sun, so that corruption can be completely eliminated.

      Zhu Yuanzhang set up the Metropolitan Procuratorate to supervise the censor, the patrol censor, and the six departments to serve the affairs. He also created the Jin Yiwei to secretly supervise the bureaucrats. What is the result? It is not that the more he rebels, the more corrupt he becomes. In fact, looking at its effectiveness,  In other words, internal anti-corruption is a joke, while external anti-corruption is helpless.

    Lu Bu has been committed to promoting education for all in the past three years. Although some poor children have temporarily not entered primary schools and middle schools due to the corruption of local officials, most people have received literacy education to a greater or lesser extent, and there are many poor people.  People from all backgrounds can read Dahan Daily, especially the anti-corruption storm that Lu Bu has blown, which has awakened the timid hearts of many people. They realize that the determination of the current court to fight corruption is very strong. With such public opinion, Lu Bu will  With external supervision, we have the confidence to fight corruption.

    Lu Bu proposed to establish political yuan at the state, county, county and township levels to supervise the exercise of power of officials at all levels. The members of the political yuan are political members.  Council members are composed of farmers, businessmen, craftsmen, teachers, students, soldiers, etc. Because council members supervise officials, council members cannot be produced from official families. Any official family that tries to control the council will be destroyed.  Woe, Lu Bu made this last point clear and clear, targeting those official families who were already or were trying to establish aristocratic families.

    Speaking of the local council, we must talk about the current local administrative establishment.

    From the third year of Guangxi (191), the grassroots organization of the Han Dynasty gradually changed to: five households are one Jia, five Jia is one Bao, ten Bao are one pavilion, ten pavilions are one township, ten townships are one county, and ten pavilions are one county.  A county is a county, and ten counties are a state.  At this time, there were an average of six people in a household, an elderly couple, a couple, and two children. One Jia had thirty people, one Bao had one hundred and fifty people, and one pavilion had one thousand five hundred people.  , the decimal number ten from the pavilion or above is an imaginary number, generally greater than five and less than ten. Generally speaking, a township has more than 10,000 people, a county has 780,000 people, and a county has 600,000 or 700,000 people.  , a state has four to five million people.  Townships and counties that are too small will be merged, and states, counties, and counties that are too big will be split up.

    ?? Bao and Jia are local autonomous and self-defending units. Generally speaking, retired veterans are given priority as the Bao Chief and Jia Chief. For the sake of fairness, official families are not allowed to hold the positions of local Bao Chief and A Chief.

    Because wars were frequent at this time and thieves were everywhere, according to Lu Bu's rule of all people being soldiers, each pavilion was a local fort. All villages that had no defense ability were bulldozed, and forts were built in dangerous places to build a pavilion.

    The pavilion is the most basic military and administrative unit of the Han Dynasty. Because of the help of retired veterans and chiefs of security, there is no need to have so many petty officials in a pavilion, so there is only one pavilion chief and one pavilion lieutenant. The pavilion is the supervisor of the pavilion.  The Ting Wei is in charge of the rural soldiers of a pavilion and is also responsible for the local security and security. The rural soldiers are reserve militia formed in units of pavilions. Basically, one person from each family is required to participate in daily training and security.

    There are township magistrates, township lieutenants, township prime ministers and six cao yamen in the township. The third elder of the township is changed to the township fu, who is also the president of the township council and is the leader of the township-level council members. The township fu cannot be born from an official family.

    In the township council, each councilor elects one councilor. This councilor cannot be the chief of the council, the chief of the pavilion, the chief of the pavilion, or a member of an official family.

    In the same way, officials such as township magistrates, township magistrates, township captains, county magistrates, county magistrates, and county captains cannot be included among the council members of a county. Lu Bu would not commit the kind of self-defeating theft that was often committed by later dynasties.  Anti-corruption mistakes.

    The county councilor is elected from each kiosk, the county councilor is elected from each township, the state councilor is elected from each county, and the national councilor is elected from each county.

    The Council has five powers. The first is to supervise any political actions of the local government. If more than half of the council members object, the local government's political actions must be stopped and submitted to the superior government for questioning; the second is to supervise  If a local official is impeached by one-half of the council members, any local official must be suspended immediately and accept questioning from the superior government; the third point is that tongguo reviews the fiscal law budget and supervises the fiscal revenue and expenditure of the local government; third  The fourth point is to submit the people's most important opinions to the local government and urge the local government to resolve them in a timely manner; the fifth point is to elect members to participate in the higher-level parliament.

    All bureaus and officials impeached by the local council must make a defense. If the yamen and officials of each department have not passed the vote of the local council, the superior prison officer will intervene in the investigation and file the case.  .

    The Council does not participate in specific political affairs, and does not need to report to meetings every day. It only holds a regular meeting on the first day of every ten days to vote on the behavior of each local government office and the ethics of officials in each office.  Before voting, councilors should listen extensively to the opinions of the people in their area and act in accordance with the opinions of the majority of people.

    CouncilorThey are protected within the meeting hall, are not responsible for their speeches and votes made in the meeting, and have the privilege of not being arrested.

    The number of members of each level of the Council shall not exceed 100. The Council shall be elected every five years and may be re-elected for two consecutive terms.

    Under Lu Bu¡¯s strong promotion, the system of the Council of Government was rapidly promoted across the country. People at the middle and lower levels were greatly encouraged to actively, proactively and consciously play their supervisory role in participating in and discussing politics. A truly Sanqing society should be seen in Lu Bu¡¯s lifetime.  (To be continued)
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