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- Well, this is the stage and historical background of the stories in Volumes 7 and 8 (don¡¯t ask me where Volume 8 is)¡
I wish all readers a happy new year.
A Brief History of Taiping Religion
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This article introduces the Taiping Dao religion in a broad sense. Regarding one of the Taoist sects commonly known as "Taiping Jiao" by some Kerman people, see "Taiping Jiao (Yellow Turban)" for details.
Taipingism is a monotheistic religion that believes in the Tao that created the world (also known as the Dao, the Heavenly Dao, the Right Dao, the True Dao, and the Dao Zun on different occasions) and is taught by the Tao Te Ching and related Ecclesiastes. Julu originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty during the period of Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty (1st century in the standard calendar).
In theology, monotheism believes that there is only one God that encompasses all. The currently existing monotheisms are mainly Taoist religions, including Taoism, Tianshi Sect, Taiping Sect, and the only Sun God Church (mainstream sect) influenced by them. Opposite to monotheism are polytheism and pantheism, which respectively believe that there is more than one god in the world or that everything in the world is a god.
It is generally believed that the germ of monotheism was founded by Li Er before his journey to the West, and was perfected into a universal religion with mature church organizations and doctrines during the period from Zhang Ling to Zhang Jiao.
"The Tao Te Ching" is regarded by Taiping believers as a classic revealed word by word by the creation god "Tao" to his spokesperson Laozi (Li Er). The name Tao (tao) comes from the first chapter of the Tao Te Ching, "Tao can be Tao, but it is not Tao; it can be named, but it is not named.", which means "You can use Tao as the name of 'Tao' (referring to the true God) But this is actually not his real name; if we give 'Tao' (the true God) a name, this name cannot adequately describe the power of Tao."
Some Taoists believe that this sentence also contains the meaning of "You cannot call Tao (the true God) by the name of 'Tao'". They often use "Heaven" to replace the name of "Tao", such as in the Creed of the Yellow Turban Sect (The Heaven Has Already This usage can be seen in "If you die, Huang Tian Dang will stand, if you live in Jiazi, the world will be prosperous". Some fundamentalist teachings believe that Laozi himself is also one of the incarnations of Tao, and call him the moral god, who in the form of a trinity constitutes the true God called "Tao". [dispute]
The names of Taoists and cultivators also come from this root, which means "a person who learns the will of Tao". The people of Taoism believe in the unique and unparalleled "right way"; the only purpose of life is to carry out the will of the "right way"; Tao has sent many spokespersons to mankind, the greatest of which is Laozi (Li Er) who spreads the "Tao Te Ching", but There are also many minor spokespersons, such as Zhang Ling, Zhang Jiao, Zhang Zai, etc.
Some religious experts believe that such teachings have greatly expanded the inclusiveness of Taipingism, and also made modern Taipingism and the emerging Pan-Taoism the largest religion overtaking Covenant Orthodoxy, Concordant Protestantism, and the One Sun God Church. . [Dispute, Source Request]
The earliest Taiping Religion had only one church, but over the course of its history, Taiping Religion split into many sects, including Taoism, Yellow Turban Sect, Hengqu Sect, Tianshi Sect, and other less influential sects. Among them, the term "Taiping Religion" or "Taoism" is often used as a general term for the entire Taoist system, while "Tao people" and "cultivation practitioners" are often used as synonyms for all Taoist believers. The "Taiping Sect" or "Yellow Turban Sect" of the Kerman language group sometimes refers to the collective name of Taiping Sect and Hengqu Sect, which is a unique phenomenon of the Kerman language group.
Taipingjiao can refer to the content of Taoist beliefs, or it can refer to the sum of all Taoist churches, or the sum of all Taoist people. These three cannot be completely separated but there are certain differences. If they can be distinguished carefully when using them, some unnecessary arguments can be avoided.
Directory[hide]
1Classics and teachings
2 History of Taiping Religion
3 sects
4Holy City
5 important people
6References
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Classic
The basic classic of the Taiping Sect is the Taoist Canon, which consists of the Tao Te Ching and the vast Taoist Canon. The writing and compilation time spanned about 2,000 years.
"The Tao Te Ching" was compiled during the Spring and Autumn Period when the Eastern Empire was taking shape. According to legend, the author was Lao Tzu (Li Er, Lao Dan, Tao Dao Tianzun). According to the records of Eastern historians, Laozi left Hanguan in the west and was asked to stay by Yin Xi, the official of Guan., leaving behind five thousand words of "Tao Te Ching" and riding a green ox backwards. His thoughts had a great influence on another important Eastern school of thought, Confucianism. Primitive Confucianism, Taoism, and Onmyojia thoughts together constitute the theoretical core of "East Yi Magic". [dispute]
The Taiping Sect's classic "Laozi Transforms the Hu Jing" believes that Laozi and Yinxi later passed through the Western Tang Dynasty and finally arrived at the Muleyman Islands, leaving the most primitive Taoist ideas there. Therefore, Zhang Jiao later brought Yinxi with him. After the "Taiping Jing" arrived in this area, it could quickly convert the local barbarians to the right path. The Quanzhen Sect, a new sect in the New World, believes that Laozi later crossed the endless ocean to the New World and taught the local barbarians the true meaning of "Tao". However, most orthodox sects believe that with the navigation and magic technology of the time, , I cannot cross the endless ocean. [Source Request]
Doctrine
The One God and Creation: The Taiping Religion believes that "Tao" changed three times to create everything in the world. In Taipingism, the number three is sacred.
??Trinity: Most Taiping believers believe that the unique Tao has three persons: Yuqing, Shangqing, and Taiqing, namely the Sanqing. The leader of Yuqing is Yuanshi Tianzun, the leader of Shangqing is Lingbao Tianzun, and the leader of Taiqing is Daode Tianzun (Taishang Laojun, namely Laozi).
Redemption and Doomsday Judgment: The Taiping Religion believes that the present world (Heaven) will eventually end and be replaced by the afterlife (Yellow Sky). In a certain year of Jiazi (whether it is a specific time or a symbolic time is disputed), all people in the world will be judged based on their belief in Tao and the implementation of virtue.
Taiping theology believes that since Laozi (Li Er) preached the message of the righteous way, all the sages, sages and heavenly masters in the future have preached the same message. The Taiping Jing calls traditional Taoists and Celestial Master believers "people of the Way" to distinguish these religions from Confucianism, Buddhism, and Western polytheism. They believe that Li Er is the incarnation of Taoism, and Zhang Ling, who established the church, is the first heavenly master. The mainstream sect and the Hengqu sect believe that only those with the surname Zhang can be Celestial Masters and Successor Masters, while the Eastern Celestial Master sect and the New World sect do not agree with this view.
By the 11th century, Zhang Zai (namely Zhang Hengqu) introduced Neo-Confucianism to carry out reforms. This was also the first religious reform in history, more than 400 years earlier than the Orthodox Church's religious reform in the 15th century.
The symbol of the Taiping Sect is the Tai Chi diagram, and the mainstream sect advocates the yellow turban that represents the Doomsday Judgment, so it is often called the Yellow Turban Sect.
Also known as the Book of Heaven. A phonetic script widely used in the Yellow Turban territories.
Designed by the 22nd Master Zhang Xu himself. It was originally used to meet the writing needs of most non-Han Tao people under the rule, but later became popular among all Tao people except the cultural class.
Since most sects prohibit figure painting, a large number of artists throughout the ages have devoted their enthusiasm to the art of calligraphy, resulting in a rich variety of artistic variations in the Book of Heaven.
As a pinyin text, the Heavenly Book can be used by various Taoist people to spell their own languages ??(letters will also be added or subtracted as the pronunciation changes), but the classical Heavenly Book based on the standard version of the Tao Te Ching has become a mutual language. A bridge of communication between the Taoist people.
history
The predecessor of the Taiping Religion, the Five Dou Rice Church, was founded by Zhang Daoling in Heming Mountain in the west of the empire during the Shun Emperor period of the Eastern Han Dynasty (about the 1st century AD); the Taiping Taoist Church was founded slightly later by Zhang Jiao in the 2nd century AD in the eastern part of the empire. Deer was founded. The two churches merged after the First Hanzhong Conference.
At the beginning, the Taiping Religion was a suppressed and persecuted religion in the Eastern Empire, so a massive Yellow Turban Uprising broke out. By the time of Zhang Lu, the third generation, he merged with the Yellow Turban Uprising that swept through the Eastern Han Empire, and established a unified Taiping Church in the name of "Peace in the World", with Zhang Jiao as the ruler and Zhang Lu as the successor. This uprising essentially destroyed the Han Empire and continued to trouble subsequent regimes such as Wei and Jin who succeeded it. It was not until the schism of the Eastern and Western Churches during the period of Kou Qian that this problem was initially resolved.
Before the end of the second century of the standard calendar, the Taiping religion spread out of the Eastern Empire, reaching today's Western Tang, Muleyman, Jiaonan, Yingzhou and other places, and reached as far as the Elf Empire. It was the heyday of the Elven Empire, and the introduction of monotheistic theories had a great impact on the Church of the Sun God. The theories of "righteous way" and "church" also greatly affected the development and development of the underground covenant churches at that time. Evolution. It is generally believed that the "covenant" thinking of the orthodox and ecumenical churches and the perfect bishop/diocesan system come from the "righteous way", "channel" and "square" organizational structure of the Taipingdao Church.
The Taiping Church established a religious political system that was the integration of politics and religion. Within 10 years of Zhang Jiao raising his troops, this "Taiping Dao Kingdom" already owned nearly half of the Eastern Empire, the entire Western Region and part of Jiaonan. But the fact that there were two sects in this political system led to the failure of the uprising. Zhang Lu was defeated by Liu Bei, the famous general of the Eastern Empire, and led the Hanzhong Army to surrender to Cao Cao; Zhang Jiao, who led the main army back, died in the battle west of Hanguan, TaiyuanAt this point, the power of the Taoist State withdrew from the Eastern Empire, and its power was transferred to the future Muleyman Kingdoms.
After Zhang Liang¡¯s death, many civil wars broke out in the Taiping Kingdom. It was not until the period of Sun En and Lu Xun that a stable Taiping Kingdom system was established. Although the Taiping religion continued to have civil wars during this period, its beliefs and power continued to spread to surrounding areas, bringing universal order to the chaotic and long-historical Mureman Islands and peninsula, and established the glorious Taiping. Tao civilization.
The church disputes with the Dongfang Zhang Lu-Ge Xuan-Xu Xun faction continued on and off, and finally reached their peak when Kou Qianzhi took control of the Dongfang Tianshi Sect. Kou Qianzhi reached a consensus with the court at that time, ended the Taiping Dao Uprising that lasted for more than two hundred years, and transformed the Eastern Church into a religious organization under imperial power, but it also led to a complete split between the Eastern and Western Taiping Religions. From then on, the Oriental Taiping Church was generally called the "Tianshi Sect" to distinguish it from the mainstream sects.
In the 7th century of the standard calendar, the Tang Empire was established. Its royal family had the surname Li, the same ancestor as Laozi (Li Er), the ancestor of the Taiping Religion. The Taiping Religion then became the state religion of the Tang Empire and was legalized with the "Chang'an Edict". The Taoist people regarded this achievement as a victory for Tao. The Taiping Sect entered a golden age, and everything from the Roof Ridge Mountains to the east of the Qianlong Sea was under the influence of the Taiping Sect.
During this period, the Taoists continued to expand through force and peaceful missionary activities. The Taiping Religion¡¯s trade routes also expanded to Intre, Yingzhou, and the Spice Islands, and a second missionary center was established in what was later the Western Tang Dynasty. The Golden Age produced new developments in law, philosophy, and religion. The main Taoist canon was compiled during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (i.e., "Kaiyuan Taoist Canon"). Most of the major Taoist sects that have continued to modern times, such as Maoshan, Shenxiao, Kunlun, Shushan, etc., were also founded during this golden period. At this time, both the Elf Empire and the First Dynasty of the Holy Koman Empire had collapsed, and the Western world fell into the Dark Ages. A large number of priests, scholars, and magicians took refuge in the Taiping world. Cultural exchanges brought unprecedented prosperity. Qingniu Mansion, Xiping Both Fufu and Chang'an have become world-class metropolises.
But the good times did not last long. Starting from the ninth century in the standard calendar, with the civil war and de facto division of the Tang Empire, various warlords separated themselves. The Eastern Empire fell into war and decline. The barbarians on the border and the incorporated barbarian troops would run rampant in the interior of the empire. , the barbarian regimes on the border were established one by one, and careerists within the country also emerged one after another. The religious property and legitimacy of the Taiping Religion were seriously challenged by the decline of the Eastern Empire. During this period, the Taiping Religion repeatedly organized skitarii to protect the holy places, paying a huge price. This caused the Taiping Religion to stop its westward expansion.
Since the re-establishment of the Holy Empire in the eleventh century, the emperor of the empire launched a series of southern expeditions to fight back against the Taiping Dao's occupation of the empire's southern territories. The initial southern expedition was very successful, and the empire established a series of principalities and principalities on East Yingtrey, Xianketi Peninsula, Qianlong Island, and even Huahu Island and Muleyman Peninsula. Originally, it was possible for the empire to completely take over the southern islands as territory, but their achievements were reconquered by Zhang Zai, the later Taiping religious reform leader, and his successors. Zhang Zai's disciple Han Gang moved the capital of the Taiping Tao Kingdom to Taiping Mansion on Qianlong Island, using it as the center to confront the Holy Empire.
In the twelfth century, during Fang La's reign, the Taiping Dao countries once turned their attention back to the East. However, during this historical period known as the "Black Tide", the entire Tang Empire and all the vassal states within it, as well as the nearby civilized barbarian countries, were almost completely wiped out by the unprecedentedly powerful invader "Black Undead". After setting foot on Qingniu Mansion, only Taiping Mansion and Xiping Mansion survived. The Lu Yun government formed a grand alliance to resist the undead plague and finally defeated them.
Whether it is the Taiping Dao countries at this time or the rebuilt Later Tang Empire, they are all loose and fragile regimes, filled with barbarians who settled down during the undead plague. But this instead formed a new era of immigrant Taipingdao civilization complex, which further stabilized Taipingdao's position in East Interay, the Spice Islands and even Yingzhou until the fall of the Tang Empire and the outbreak of the Civil War in the Holy Koman Empire in the 16th century. .
The civil war in the Holy Koman Empire brought about a new religion called "Protestant" and a new regime named "The United Provinces Republic". This regime unleashed a powerful fighting force that was unmatched by the decadent Holy Empire. Not only did it seize the East Intere, it actually opened up the entire sea route connecting the East and the West within fifty years, and its tentacles reached as far as the Eastern Empire itself. The series of defeats caused the Taiping Mansion to lose control over Muleyman and the Western Tang Dynasty. A series of medium-sized regimes appeared on the Qianlong Islands and Muleyman Peninsula. Except for the successors, none of them actually There are four or five powerful rulers who control this land, each believing in different sects.
Among them, the one closest to the secular Taiping Religion in the future was the Western Tang regime centered on Xiping Prefecture, which was the predecessor of the later Far Eastern Republic. Around the same period, in the territory of the East China Sea Protectorate of the Chinese Dynasty in the New World, Taoist priests of the Quanzhen Sect established their own Taiping Sect in Yanzhou. In the future, this group of Taoist priests willKnown as the "new heresy".
sect
Like all major religions, the Taiping Religion is also filled with a large number of sects. These sects are essentially the same in their religious beliefs, but there are obvious differences in theology and law. The Tianshi Sect and the Yellow Turban Sect are the most basic divisions. The Hengqu Sect is considered a mysticism of Taiping Religion and represents the combination of Confucianism and Taiping Religion.
Primitive Taoism: Primitive Taoism is the original Taoism before the reforms of Zhang Ling and Zhang Lu.
Yellow Turban Sect: The Yellow Turban Sect is a mainstream faction led by the Great Celestial Master Zhang Jiao and established after arriving at Muleyman after the Western Expedition.
Tianshi Sect: Tianshi Sect was established by Zhang Lu and his successors who stayed in the Eastern Empire. Its power is mainly in the Eastern Empire.
Hengqu Sect: Hengqu Sect is a post-reform sect established by Zhang Zai and perfected by Zhang Sanfeng. It advocates Qi learning and the integration of the three religions.
Fundamentalists: Fundamentalists believe that only the Tao Te Ching is the sole foundation of Taiping Dao, and do not recognize the works of later Celestial Masters.
Quanzhen Sect (heresy): The Quanzhen Sect¡¯s power is mainly in the New World. They believe that Laozi traveled westward and reached the New World, and the ascetics in the New World can also become heavenly masters.
Holy City
Luoyang - There is an existing ceremonial stele, which is said to have been made by Laozi when he was a Taishi official. Every Taoist should visit Luoyang, Hanguan and Julu in their lifetime.
Hanguan - It is said that Laozi wrote the Tao Te Ching here, and it is also the place where Zhang Jiao died.
Heming - It is said that Zhang Ling founded the church here.
Julu-Zhang Jiao launched the Yellow Turban Uprising here and established the first Taiping Theocracy.
Guangzong-Zhang Jiao defeated the attacks of Lu Zhi, Dong Zhuo and other famous generals from the Eastern Empire here.
Hengqu¡ªZhang Zai¡¯s hometown, where he preached before being persecuted and going west. Hengqu Academy was built.
Qingniu Mansion - the religious center of the Global Taiping Church, the office location of successive successors. According to legend, it is the place where Laozi preached and ascended.
Huahu Mansion - the administrative center of the Mulayman regime, where Zhang Jiao established the Mulayman regime that combined politics and religion.
Taiping Mansion - Founded by Han Gang, a disciple of Zhang Zai, it is the largest city in the world of Taiping Sect. Later it became the center of Hengqu regime.
Yanzhou - an important town located in the west of Xinzhou, the center of late Taoism.
Xinjing¡ªthe capital of the Far Eastern Republic and the center of secular theology.
VIP
Early Taoism
Laozi - also known as Li Er and Lao Dan. All Taiping and Pan-Taoist religions recognize Lao Tzu as the spokesperson of Tao.
Yin Xi¡ª¡ªan official of Hanguan. He persuaded Laozi to leave the Tao Te Ching and travel westward with him.
Wenzi - Laozi's disciple, stayed in the Eastern Empire. It is generally believed that he founded the early pre-religious Taoist school.
Lie Yukou - a Zheng man in the Spring and Autumn Period, the author of Liezi.
Zhuang Zhou - a Song Dynasty man during the Warring States Period and the author of "Zhuangzi".
Liu An - King of Huainan of the Western Han Dynasty. The author of "Huainanzi". He is generally credited with founding the first primitive church. It is said that after attaining the Dao, he ascended to heaven. "When a person attains the Dao, chickens and dogs ascend to heaven" is an idiom describing him.
The period of Tianshi Church
Zhang Ling¡ªthe legendary first Heavenly Master and founder of the church. There is much debate as to whether this person existed.
Zhang Heng - Legend has it that he is the son of Zhang Ling. He used five measures of rice as a symbol of the church.
Zhang Lu - claims to be the son of Zhang Heng and the third generation Heavenly Master. At the first Hanzhong Zhengdao Conference, the position of successor of the Tianshi Church was passed to Zhang Jiao, and they jointly established the Taiping Theocracy centered on Hanzhong, Lianglan, and the Western Regions. Later, it was defeated by Liu Bei's regime, and he led the remnants of the Tianshi Church to surrender to Cao Cao.
Ge Xuan - established the Lingbao Sect after Zhang Lu's death, and was regarded as one of the four great Celestial Masters alongside Zhang Ling by the Celestial Master Church that remained within the Eastern Empire.
Xu Xun¡ªthe founder of the Jingming Taoist Church. The Eastern Church was split again after Ge Xuan, one of the four heavenly masters considered by the Eastern sect.
Kou Qianzhi - the man who ultimately split the Eastern and Western churches. He claims to be the leader of the Eastern Celestial Master Church. However, the Eastern Celestial Master Church he founded eventually split into many smaller factions under the pressure of the imperial court, and the ancestral altar of the Eastern Celestial Master Church disappeared without a trace. He was called "the apostate Kou Qianzhi" by the mainstream sects.
Taiping Church Period
Zhang Jiao - the founder of the Yellow Turban Sect, is revered as a great sage, great heavenly master, and the founder of the first Taiping Religion. He transformed the Tianshi Sect and established the universal unified Taiping Church with Zhang Lu. Since then, all open and secret sects in the East have been the inheritance of the Taiping Sect.
Zhang Bao¡ª¡ªZhang Jiao¡¯s younger brother??. Successfully retreated from Guangzong and opened up the territory of the Western Regions.
Zhang Liang¡ª¡ªZhang Jiao¡¯s younger brother. Organized an expeditionary force to reach present-day Muleyman and established a political power.
Sun En¡ª¡ªDuring his reign, he organized the first Eastern Expedition in the 4th century of the standard calendar.
Lu Xun¡ª¡ªSun En¡¯s brother-in-law. Sun En took over the ruling position after his death in battle, but ultimately failed to gain a foothold in the Eastern Empire.
Lu Xiujing - at the same time as Kou Qianzhi. The Eastern church organizations that were unwilling to succumb to Tianshi Dao moved westward to merge with the mainstream of the Taiping Church.
Wang Xuanlan - During his term of office, he reached reconciliation with the Tang Empire. The Eastern and Western churches once again reached an understanding and jointly became the state religion of the Tang Empire.
Fang La - the leader of the Taiping Religion in the 12th century of the standard calendar, slightly later than Zhang Zai and Han Gang, but he belongs to the orthodox sect. During his tenure, he launched the Eastern Expedition again, once conquered a large area of ??coastal land in the Eastern Empire, and recovered Julu and Guangzong. But its achievements were eventually swallowed up by the black tide.
Hengqu Church Period
Zhang Zai - a philosopher, religious reformer and one of the founders of Neo-Confucianism in the 11th century. He came up with four sentences about Hengqu, but was affected by the party struggle and resigned from office and went overseas.
Han Gang¡ªZhang Zai¡¯s disciple, once served as prime minister of the Eastern Empire. After the failure of the political struggle, he went to Muleyman, expelled the Koman army, built a Taiping mansion, and unified the Taiping kingdoms. During his tenure, the administrative center of the Taiping Kingdom was transferred from the declining Huahu Mansion to Taiping Mansion.
Lu Yun - the leader of the Hengqu faction who cleaned up the situation after Fang La's fiasco. At the expense of the fall of Qingniu Mansion, he stopped the Kuroshio Tide and shifted his focus to the western front. During his tenure, he regained Xiazhou and competed with the Holy Empire's expeditionary force for the Interre Islands.
Zhang Sanfeng - the most important leader of the middle period of Hengqu Church, active in the 14th century. It attempts to integrate the three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism into the Taiping Religion system on the basis of the unity of Confucianism and Taoism, believing that "Tao" is the common source of the three religions.
references
1. "A New Ancient History of Aklania"/"A New Medieval History of Akrania"
2. "Tao Te Ching"
3. "Laozi Hua Hu Jing" [This entry is controversial, please see the discussion page]
4. "The Legend of Immortals"
5. "The Family of Celestial Masters of the Han Dynasty" [This entry is controversial, please see the discussion page]
6. "A Brief History of the Yellow Turban Conquest"
7. "History of the Taiping Army Expedition"
8. "Hengqu Jing", also known as "Chongwen Collection"
9. "Taiping Jing", that is, "Taiping Qingling Book"
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