April 20th was just the beginning of a busy day for Xi¡¯an. [¡®Text first release
¡°Although we have felt that war is coming from explicit or implicit hints from the Presidential Palace in the past few months. But when that day came, when the Presidential Office conveyed the news to various government departments that the frontline sneak attack troops had attacked the Japanese army and had arranged for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to submit a declaration of war to Japan. Early in the morning, the senior officials who were still having refreshments in their respective houses and enjoying the last tranquility before the war were no longer calm. They could even be described as being in a hurry.
The Congress and the various cabinet ministries were in a chaotic scene. After meeting, everyone did not bother to chat. They all anxiously asked each other, what kind of medicine was sold in the president's gourd? How many troops is he planning to send out to fight the Japanese? How long will preparations for war last? What is the scale of military expenditure, and can it be financially sustainable? How far is the president prepared to fight to be satisfied? As well as the Japanese concessions in the country and the unequal treaties between the Manchu and Qing Dynasties left over from the former Qing Dynasty, should they also be abolished?
With these doubts, the Congress and cabinet ministries have already become confused.
When Secretary of State Sun Baoqi got out of the car wearing a formal suit, all the chief ministers of the cabinet had already arrived. He had just returned from Congress. He had previously represented the President and went to Congress to make a report to the country on the declaration of war against Japan. 2019 is an election year. Not only the Senate members will have a general election, but even the president will also have a general election during this year. Although in the past few years, many of the president's orders have been issued directly, bypassing Congress, it is clear that Congress is not taken seriously.
But the better thing is that at least he cares more about Congress than during the Yuan Shikai period, and at least most of his actions are within the scope of what Congress can allow. Moreover, under his hands, the country's national strength has flourished. Not only has most of the lost territory been recovered, but the central power has been strengthened. At the same time, he himself also pays great attention to maintaining the positive image of Congress. Perhaps as he said in the past, we are currently in a period of presidential instruction. Once the presidential administration ends, the country's supreme power will be transferred from the president to Congress.
Although some people are still a little skeptical, judging from his performance in the past few years, at least for now, he is mostly praised in China. With his illustrious military exploits and unparalleled prestige in the country, in the eyes of many people, President Li has become a model of wise kings in ancient times. Maybe maybe in a few years, when he gets tired of it, he will The announcement of the end of political training may mean that the Republic of China will officially enter the period of constitutional government.
Of course, these ideas are too far-fetched. There are many problems facing the Republic of China at present. The first is the national presidential election; the second is to guide the soft transition of the domestic and foreign trade-based economy to the domestic sales-based economy to adapt to the upcoming end of the European War; the third is with the development of the domestic economy With the rise of the Qing Dynasty, the education level of the people has increased, and the people's awareness of political participation has become stronger and stronger. During the Manchu and Qing Dynasties, China and foreigners signed many unequal treaties that humiliated the country, as well as the concessions that were forcibly separated and occupied everywhere. The loss of land has become a national concern. Focus.
Therefore, for the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war, they were more or less expected to be confused.
When Sun Baoqi arrived at the State Council, all cabinet ministries were already present, but there were a few empty seats. Among them were Chief of General Staff Jiang Fangzhen, Chief of Army Cai E, Chief of Navy Tang Xiangming, Chief of Munitions Jiang Zuobin and others. Seeing his arrival, Deputy Minister of the Army Le Yunpeng placed a document on the table in front of him. Sun Baoqi picked it up and looked at it for a few times, and a joyful expression suddenly appeared on his face.
"Everyone, the President, who has great military exploits, has never fought an uncertain battle. This time is the same. The President has made careful arrangements. He has long seen that the Japanese are trying to repeat the arrangement of the Sino-Japanese War of 1898. Once they are fully prepared, they will use a sneak attack to attack We were caught off guard. Unfortunately, their plan had been seen through by the president. We took the first step and responded with the same treatment as others, catching them off guard. According to the battle report sent back by our attack force, in the first wave of battle During the war, we sank a total of three Japanese battleships, three armored cruisers, and two light cruisers, which severely damaged the Japanese navy's maritime power in the Liaodong Peninsula and Taiwan. Currently, on the northern battlefield, part of our army has already invaded On the Liaodong Peninsula, the Japanese army fought fiercely; another unit also crossed the Sino-North Korean border and launched an attack on the Japanese army on the Korean Peninsula. In the southern theater, Fujian has organized hundreds of ships to speed up the transportation of landing troops to Taiwan. Our first batch Two divisions will soon land in Taiwan, establish bridgeheads and advance bases, and establish field airports for subsequent Army aviation aircraft and airships. The war has begun in full force!"
Since he is a politician after all, his words were naturally meant to sound nice. The Republic of China chose the disgraceful undeclared war, so he naturally deliberately avoided mentioning it.
Furthermore, he did not mention several items in the petition. For example, in the Northeast, the Republic of China had used the Manchurian Railway as a military facility for special treatment and ordered the seizure of the Japanese economy as soon as the war broke out.The Manchurian Railway operated a comprehensive operation and a large number of Japanese staff of the Manchurian Railway were arrested and imprisoned.
Lu Zhengxiang and he arrived front to back, and he just sat down and took a sip of water. Sun Baoqi put down the documents and asked: "General Director Lu, after you left the Congress, you went to visit the ambassadors of the United Kingdom and the United States? Now Western countries Have you received this news? What is the attitude of the Allied countries? And what about the United States? Is there any news coming back now?"
Lu Zhengxiang put down his tea cup and pressed his forehead while breathing heavily: "We have sent people to send notes to the embassies of various countries. The UK naturally does not agree with our declaration of war on Japan. To put it nicely, it is because it is afraid of affecting the peace of the Far East. In fact, I think, They are worried that things will get serious and we will even regain the British concession in China and Hong Kong. As for the United States, Ambassador Steady wants to ask for instructions from home. Japan has expanded greatly in Nanyang in the past two years. It has seriously affected the Americans. I think the president's strategic influence can be achieved. At least even if there is no guarantee that the United States will be on our side to support us in regaining our territory, it should be able to constrain the wishes of Britain, France and other countries. After all, on the European battlefield, Germany and Austria-Hungary The empire hasn¡¯t fallen yet, and their main focus is still on Europe.¡±
They are more worried than the president, because this time is different from the Sino-Russian war in 1916, it is a full-scale war between China and Japan. It is difficult to say whether Japan will be willing to adopt the Allied Powers Regulations and drag the Allied Powers such as Britain, France and the United States into the quagmire of the Sino-Japanese War in order to deter China.
But one thing they can be sure of is that Britain, France, the United States and other countries among the Allied Powers will not easily interfere in this conflict, because the European War that has lasted for several years in Europe is nearing its end. Seeing the dawn of victory approaching, the Allies must pursue and fight fiercely, striving to force the Allies to surrender as soon as possible.
At this time, the situation on the European battlefield has begun to become clearer.
In 1917, the Eastern Front ended due to the October Revolution in Russia and its withdrawal from the war. The German army immediately concentrated on the Western Front, intending to defeat Britain and France in the summer of 1918 before the U.S. military arrived in Europe to reverse the situation. However, the Germans misjudged the situation. From March to December 1918, the German army launched seven large-scale offensives on the Western Front. The first four offensives still achieved nothing after losing 200,000 troops.
The arrival of the main force of the American Expeditionary Force greatly increased the strength of the Allied Powers. At the end of September that year, the German army launched its fifth offensive. This time it successfully broke through the French defense line and advanced to a place only 17 kilometers away from Orleans. However, it could not annihilate the British and French allied forces. The main force, while our own side lost 100,000 people. In the thirty days from September 9th to October 13th, the German army launched its sixth offensive in an attempt to connect the two salient points of the German army in Amiens and the Marne River to concentrate its forces on attacking Paris, but it failed. can succeed. On November 5, the German army launched its seventh offensive. However, after losing 14 divisions, although it severely damaged and defeated 22 divisions of the American Expeditionary Force, it still failed to achieve its strategic goals. Instead, its own military strength was exhausted and had to retreat. As for the Hindenburg Line of Defense, facing the giant United States, which had increased its European Expeditionary Force to 3.3 million men, it could only engage in passive defense from now on.
The situation in the European Allies is already very bad. As Germany's main ally, the Ottoman Turkish Empire, the great Sultan Mehmet V of the Ottoman Empire, who hated the British so much that he chose to side with Germany and declared war on Britain, died. severely damaged the Allied system.
After the European War broke out, British Admiralty Minister Churchill arrogantly requisitioned two of Turkey's main battleships and kept silent about compensation, making it clear that he looked down on Turkey. As a result, the Ottoman Empire joined the German and Austrian Allies and fought against the British, French, and Russian Allies. Subsequently, Muhammad raised the banner of "Jihad", tried his best to promote pan-Islamism, called on all Muslims to unite and fight against non-Muslims, and tried to maintain his status as a Muslim monarch in the Arab region of the Middle East. As a result, in 1916, the British supported the revolution in the Arab region of the Middle East. The booming Arab nationalist movement that resisted Turkey soon caused Turkey to lose its vast territory in the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire, which had a history of more than 600 years, gradually disintegrated, and the Sultan existed in name only. On November 5, 1918, Muhammad V died suddenly, and his younger brother succeeded him as Muhammad VI.
After Mohammed VI came to the throne, the Ottoman Empire was on its deathbed. Half a million soldiers were killed or captured, and two million people were injured. Famine and plague caused by the war claimed countless lives, and the Young Turks government was also like a candle in the wind. , crumbling. The first thing Muhammad VI did after he ascended the throne was to order the dissolution of the National Assembly, personally preside over the government, expel the Allied officials in Turkey, and desperately beg for peace with the Allies.
After several months of contact, on February 12, 1919, the Turkish Entente signed a peace treaty and withdrew from the European War. After that, the British, French, Italian and Greek forces occupied large areas of Turkey in an attempt to dismember the Ottoman Empire. However, the loss of power and humiliation of Mohammed VI also caused a surge of opposition in Turkey. Influenced by the Chinese and Russian revolutions, radical revolutionaries reunited and demanded the overthrow of Muhammad by force.The decadent rule of the Sixth Dynasty and the establishment of a strong, democratic and liberal regime.
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