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Volume 4 The Dragon Raises its Head Chapter 24 Eight Characteristics

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    "Smart grid includes eight main features. These features functionally describe the characteristics of the grid, rather than the specific technology of the final application. They form a complete picture of the smart grid. Smart grid is a self-healing grid. 'Self-healing'  It refers to isolating problematic components in the power grid from the system and quickly restoring the system to normal operation with little or no human intervention, thus essentially interrupting power supply services to users.  , Self-healing is the "immune system" of the smart grid. This is the most important feature of the smart grid. The self-healing grid conducts continuous online self-assessment to predict possible problems in the power grid, discover existing or developing problems, and  Immediate measures are taken to control or correct. The self-healing grid ensures the reliability, security, power quality and efficiency of the grid. The self-healing grid will minimize power supply service interruptions, fully utilize data acquisition technology, and implement decision support algorithms to avoid or limit the power supply.  Disruption of power supply and rapid restoration of power service. Probabilistic risk assessment based on real-time measurements will identify equipment, power plants and lines most likely to fail; real-time emergency analysis will determine the overall health of the grid and trigger early stages of grid failure.  Early warning to determine whether immediate inspection or corresponding measures are required; communication with local and remote devices will help analyze faults, voltage drops, poor power quality, overloads and other undesirable system conditions, and take appropriate controls based on these analyses.  Action. Self-healing grids often use network designs that connect multiple power sources. When a fault or other problem occurs, advanced sensors in the grid equipment determine the fault and communicate with nearby equipment to remove the faulty component or remove it.  Users can quickly switch to another reliable power source. At the same time, the sensor has the ability to detect fault precursors and inform the system of the equipment status before the fault actually occurs. The system will promptly provide early warning information to motivate and include users.  In a smart grid, users will be an integral part of the power system. Encouraging and promoting user participation in the operation and management of the power system is another important feature of the smart grid. From the perspective of smart grid, the needs of users are completely different.  A manageable resource that will help balance supply and demand and ensure system reliability; from the user's perspective, electricity consumption is an economic choice by participating in the operation and management of the power grid, modifying its use and purchase  In a smart grid, users will adjust their consumption based on the balance between their power needs and the power system's ability to meet their needs. At the same time, demand response programs will satisfy users' needs in energy purchases.  More options for base demand, and the ability to reduce or shift peak power demand allows the power sector to minimize capital and operating expenses by reducing line losses and reducing inefficient peaking plant operations, while also providing substantial environmental benefits.  In smart grids, the two-way real-time communication system established with users is the basis for encouraging and promoting users to actively participate in the operation and management of the power system.  Notify users in real time of the cost of their electricity consumption, real-time electricity prices, current status of the power grid, planned power outage information and other service information. At the same time, users can also formulate their own electricity usage plans based on this information. ? Smart grids will resist attacks.  Grid security requires a system-wide solution that reduces vulnerability to physical and cyber attacks on the grid and quickly recovers from power outages.  Smart grids will demonstrate the ability to quickly recover after being attacked, even from determined and well-equipped attackers.  Smart grids are designed and operated to thwart attacks, minimize their consequences and quickly restore service.  Smart grids can also withstand simultaneous attacks on several parts of the power system and multiple coordinated attacks over a period of time.  Smart grid security strategies will include deterrence, prevention, detection, and response to minimize and mitigate the impact on the grid and economic development.  Whether it is a physical attack or a cyber attack, smart grids must improve the ability of smart grids to resist risks by strengthening close communication of major threat information between power companies and the government, emphasizing security risks in power grid planning, and strengthening network security.  ??Smart grids will be able to provide power quality that meets the needs of users in the 21st century.  Power quality indicators include voltage offset, frequency offset, three-phase unbalance, harmonics, flicker, voltage dips and surges, etc.  Due to the digitization of electrical equipment, power quality is becoming more and more sensitive. Power quality problems can lead to the shutdown of production lines, causing significant losses to social and economic development. Therefore, providing power quality that can meet the needs of users in the 21st century is the key to smart grids.  Another important feature?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?but the power quality problem is not a problem of the power department alone, so it is necessary to formulate new power quality standards and classify the power quality, because not all commercial enterprise users and residential users require the same power quality.  Power quality can be graded from ¡®standard¡¯ to ¡®premium¡¯, depending on consumer demand, and will balance the sensitivity of the load with the power quality of the supply at a reasonable price level.  Smart grids will provide different levels of power quality at different price levels to meet users' needs for different levels of power quality. At the same time, high quality and low prices must be written into the power service contract.  Smart grids will mitigate power quality events from transmission and distribution systems. ? Monitors essential components of the power grid through its advanced control methods to quickly diagnose and accurately propose solutions to any power quality event.  In addition, the design of smart grids must also consider reducing power quality disturbances caused by lightning, switch inrush, line faults and harmonic sources, while applying the latest research results in superconductivity, materials, energy storage and power electronics technology to improve power quality.  Power quality issues.  In addition, the smart grid will adopt technical and management measures to protect the power grid from the impact of power quality caused by users' electronic loads, and will limit the injection of harmonic currents generated by user loads into the power grid by monitoring and enforcing relevant standards.  In addition to this, smart grids will use appropriate filters to prevent harmonic pollution from being sent into the grid and deteriorating the power quality of the grid.  ??Smart grids will allow access to various types of power generation and energy storage systems.  Smart grid will safely and seamlessly allow various types of power generation and energy storage systems to be connected to the system, simplifying the networking process, similar to ¡®plug and play¡¯. This feature poses severe challenges to the power grid.  Improved interconnection standards will make it easier to connect a wide variety of generation and storage systems.  Generation and storage of various capacities from small to large can be interconnected at all voltage levels, including distributed power sources such as photovoltaics, wind power, advanced battery systems, plug-in hybrid vehicles and fuel cells.  It will be easier and more profitable for commercial users to install their own power generation equipment and electricity storage facilities.  In smart grids, large centralized power plants including environmentally friendly power sources such as wind and large solar power plants and advanced nuclear power plants will continue to play an important role.  Strengthening the transmission system will allow these large power plants to still transmit power over long distances.  At the same time, the access of various distributed power sources can reduce the dependence on external energy on the one hand, and improve the reliability of power supply and power quality on the other hand, which is of great significance especially in dealing with wars and terrorist attacks.  Smart grid will allow the electricity market to flourish.  In smart grids, advanced equipment and extensive communication systems support the operation of the market in each time period and provide market participants with sufficient data. Therefore, the infrastructure of the electricity market and its technical support system are the key to a prosperous electricity market.  key factors in development.  Through the interaction of supply and demand in the market, smart grid can most effectively manage parameters such as energy, capacity, capacity change rate, power flow obstruction, etc., reduce power flow congestion, expand the market, and bring together more buyers and sellers.  Users can feel the price increase through real-time quotations, which will reduce power demand, promote lower-cost solutions, and promote the development of new technologies. New clean energy products will also provide the market with more choices.  Smart grid optimizes the application of its assets and makes operations more efficient.  Smart grid optimizes and adjusts the management and operation of its grid assets to provide the desired functions at the lowest cost.  This does not mean that assets will be continuously used to their limit, but that by effectively managing what assets are needed and when they are needed, each asset will integrate well with all other assets to maximize its functionality.  , while reducing costs.  Smart grids will apply the latest technologies to optimize the use of their assets.  For example, through dynamic evaluation technology, assets can exert their best capabilities, and through continuous monitoring and evaluation of their capabilities, assets can be used under greater loads.  Smart grid realizes online status monitoring of operating equipment through high-speed communication networks to obtain the operating status of the equipment, give signals that equipment needs to be repaired at the most appropriate time, achieve status maintenance of the equipment, and at the same time keep the equipment running in the best condition.  System controls can be adjusted to reduce losses and eliminate blockages.  Through these adjustments to the system control device, the energy delivery system with the lowest cost can be selected to improve operational efficiency.  The best capacity, best status and best operation will greatly reduce the cost of power grid operation.  In addition, advanced information technology will provide a large amount of data and information and willIntegrate into existing enterprise-wide systems, greatly enhancing their capabilities to optimize operations and maintenance processes.  This information will provide designers with better tools to create the best design and provide planners with the data they need to improve their power grid planning capabilities.  In this way, operation and maintenance costs and grid construction investments will be managed more effectively.  "(To be continued. 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